Integration of Vocational Education and Training in Secondary School Curriculum: Exploring Practical Implementation

Abstract

This study explores factors influencing the effective implementation of integrated Vocational Education and Training (VET) in secondary school curricula in Tanzania. Using a cross-sectional design, 136 participants were selected through simple random and stratified sampling. Data were collected via Likert-scale questionnaires, open-ended questions, interviews, and document analysis involving teachers, students, school heads, and the District Education Officer. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, and descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were thematically analyzed. Findings reveal that teacher competence, preparation, and motivation are critical for delivering quality vocational education. Many trainers lack technical skills and modern teaching methods, limiting students’ acquisition of labor-market-relevant skills. Adequate infrastructure, learning resources, and financial support also significantly influence VET quality and accessibility. Additionally, it was found that, stakeholder perceptions particularly the view that vocational pathways are less valuable than academic education affect student enrolment and motivation. Collaboration with industries and local communities is also noted as essential for practical exposure and workplace experience, yet weak partnerships restrict apprenticeship opportunities. Moreover, while classroom learning remains dominant, students increasingly engage in practical and extracurricular activities, developing skills in crafts, industrial tasks, and self-employment. The study concludes that integrated VET enhances practical skill development and entrepreneurial competence but faces challenges including language barriers, limited resources, and staff shortages. Recommendations focus on improving teacher training, expanding practical exposure, upgrading infrastructure, and instituting regular monitoring and evaluation to strengthen programme effectiveness.

Key words: Curriculum Implementation, Curriculum Integration, Secondary School Curriculum, Teacher Competence, Vocational Education and Training (VET)

DOI: 10.7176/JEP/16-11-10

Publication date: October 30th 2025