Human-Animal Immune Simulations in Covid-19

Abstract

The theme of Human-Animal immune simulations in covid-19 is of tripartite nature .First is the human, the second is the infecting virus and the third is the animal. The simulation criteria for human are; functional immune system ,evident harmony in the nervous-endocrine-immune axis, potent homeostatic mechanisms and good nutritional status. The infectious virus should be capable to; Find port of entry, did efficiently the receptor mediated entry to the target cell entrance ,production of outnumbering viral particles forming viral load, production of virulence factors and evading the host immune mechanisms. The virus first sound to be zoonotic in nature, but then it expresses  anthropozoonotic and zooanthroponotic infection cycle. Human sars-cov-2 infection forms clustered in six infection forms. While in the mammalian experimental sars-cov-2 infection  is mostly of  mild respiratory form. The mammalian animal simulation criteria are; High percent similarity in structure and function to human immune system, similar harmony in the axis of nervous-endocrine-immune systems and evident similarity percent in the cellular events of the immune responses to that of man.Sars-cov-2 antigenic epitopes identified as spike protein epitope, nucleoprotein epitope and binding domain epitope,  infection in man rise up specific antibodies as early in the immune response time curve as IgM, then class switched to IgA in acute course of the infection then lately switched to IgG in chronic state. Anti-spike antibodies are virus neutralizing parallel to recovery from the infection. The duration of antibody lasting in patient plasma around three months but their protective efficacy upon re- infection is a matter of debate. Neutralizing anti-spike protein antibodies prevents  experimental  reinfection in both monkeys and Syrian  golden hamsters. Though the duration of such protection to experimental reinfection is rather unknown.CD4 T cells effector and memory subsets are of crucial protective role in human covid-19.CD8 T cells  and NK cells are exhausted during  the human acute  infection form. The role of NK,CD4,CD8 T cells in covid-19 in experimental animals remained to be explored. Number of novel immune models concerns Sars-cov-2 virus in various facets of human infection remain to be performed.

Keywords: Antibody ,Covid-19 ,epitope , harmony , homeostasis , infection , Sars-cov-2 ,virus

DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/10-18-05

Publication date:September 30^th 2020