Prediction of Hope Based on Spirituality Components with Healthy Intermediaries in Students

The purpose of this study was to provide a model based on the relationship between hope and spirituality based on general health mediation. Other research has mainly considered general health as a dependent variable. However, the present study seeks to evaluate general health as a mediator variable. This will promote theoretical literature in this area. The statistical population of the studying students was Allameh Tabatabaei University, from which 300 samples were selected by cluster sampling. Instruments included: Spirituality Questionnaire, Life Expectancy Questionnaire, and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The research was a correlational study in which the hope of dependent variable, independent spirituality, general health, mediating variable and data were analyzed by path analysis. The results showed that spirituality and general health are a predictor of hope, and general health has a mediator role for prediction of hopefulness. General health was also predicted by spirituality.


4. Analysis of information
To test the hypothesis and analyze the data, the path analysis method was used by Baron and Kenny (1986) method. During this statistical model, the predictive role of spirituality for hope and spirituality for general health was studied. By simultaneous entry of spirituality variables and general health, the direct and indirect effects of each of these variables and finally the mediating role of general health were studied and in each step the research hypotheses were presented and related evidence was presented.

Results
Research hypotheses Hypothesis 1: The components of spirituality predict hope in students. Second hypothesis: The components of spirituality predict general health in students. Hypothesis 3: general health components predict students' expectations.

4-3-2-Research question
Question: Is general health mediating the relationship between the components of spirituality and hope?  Table 2-4 shows the Pearson Correlation Coefficients to the components of the variables. The table reports that the relationships between disappointment and physical health (P <0.01, r = 0.42), anxiety and physical health (P <0.01, r = 0.58), physical health, and social function Depression and disappointment (P <0.01, r = 0.05), depression and physical health (r = 0.47, r = 0.47), depression and anxiety (P <0.01 and r = 0.65), and social function and depression (P <0.01 and r = 0.62) were positively significant. These coefficients are further analyzed in the form of regression analysis and path analysis to test the hypotheses and to answer the research question. Hypothesis 1: The components of spirituality predict hope in students. Table 3-4 shows prediction of hope based on the components of spirituality.
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0484 (Online) DOI: 10.7176/RHSS Vol.9, No.12, 2019       Based on the results of the analysis of the pathway of depression, a complete intermediary is between despair and hopefulness. Based on the results of the pathway analysis, social performance is a relative intermediation between management and hopefulness.  Based on the results of path analysis, social performance is a relative mediation between magnification and strategic hope.

Discussion and conclusion
Discussion and Conclusion of Findings Related to the Relationship between Spirituality and Hope The first hypothesis of the research that the components of spirituality predict hope in the students are confirmed for the components of spirituality, disappointment and awareness and management of the perception.
Strategic hope was anticipated by the components of awareness, management, withdrawal, instability, magnification and disappointment.
Knowing how God acts in one's life and knowing that God is leading a person to do things that can lead to strategic hope in people.
The management of the perception depends on the person calling for guidance for each decision he makes. The same desire for guidance from a low-endowed person predicts one's hope.
Instability entails an unsustainable emotional relationship with God. On the other hand, it shows a tendency to withdraw from God, which is the reciprocal predictor of hope.
Feeling the extraordinary ability to change divine providence by worship and that the person believes that God knows that he has more spiritual gain than others. These unrealistic scenarios are negatively predictive of hope.
Despair is described with such reports that there are times when disappointment comes from God or when I feel that I have been rejected by God. These states are inversely related to hope.
Factor hopes were anticipated by management components of withdrawal and hopelessness. Impression management involves a kind of respect and self-esteem for individuals. This is a kind of sense of agency in the individual, which is also a good predictor of individual hope.
Despair represents a kind of disappointment and abandonment from God. These states constitute a state in the individual, which is not coordinated with hope. This finding was supported by Ebadi, Sudani, Faghihi and Hosseinpour (2009), which showed that positive thinking use with an emphasis on Quranic verses has been effective in increasing the life expectancy of divorced women. The effect of the education is consistent with the results of the follow-up test.
How can this finding be interpreted? The components of spirituality seem to reinforce hope in people through meaningfulness to life and increasing awareness. On the other hand, impression management creates positive feedback from others that excite positive emotions in one person. Emotion-positive excitement provides an appropriate setting for hope in the person.
On the other hand, Schneider's theory is about the process of experiencing hope in a particular situation. In any situation where a purpose is pursued, the purposeful and promising behavior is determined by the interaction of the following: 1. The amount that is given to the return or goal itself. From this conclusion it can be seen that the components of spirituality can be considered as these personal resources. As hoped for therapy, this goal is based on helping patients to formulate clear goals, build multiple paths to reach them, provoke themselves to pursue goals, and set barriers as challenges for overcoming them will re-framerate. These clear goals can be better pursued in the framework of spirituality and spiritual beliefs.

3 Discussion and Conclusion of Findings Related to the Relationship between Spirituality and general Health
The second hypothesis of the research that the components of spirituality predict general health in students are confirmed for spirituality components including disbelief and instability and management of perception.
The components of anxiety, depression and physical complaints were predicted by disappointment. Despair represents God's exclusion and abandonment. A rejection of anger in an individual. Such situations are correlated with negative emotions and physical complaints.
The components of anxiety, depression and social function were predicted by instability. Instability represents an unsustainable emotional relationship with God. A person with this characteristic declares that when he is guilty, he is worried about what God will do with him. Or, when he feels that God does not support him, he feels worthless. This situation is associated with a kind of negative emotion coupled with poor social interactions.
The components of physical complaints and social performance with perceived management were predicted. Impression management involves a kind of respect and self-esteem for individuals. Such people pray for all friends and relatives every day and are continually ready to worship. These modes improve individual social performance and reduce complaints. Because the respect that a person believes is incompatible with such complaints in interactions.
Social function was predicted by the component of consciousness.
Knowing God is day by day and always with the person. Or equipping the consciousness of God's presence in situations of need. Because, with the support of this awareness, it regulates relations with others on a conscious basis.
Therefore, instability and disappointment with higher components of health and awareness and magnification were shown only with one of the health factors.
These findings are based on the researches of Azhdari Fard, Ghazi and Nooranipour (2010) In interpreting this finding, it can be stated that instability, due to the physiological and psychological changes that it creates, has a clearer relationship with general health. Because these changes affect general health indicators such as anxiety, depression and social function. Anxiety is caused by a perception of a threat that results in physiological reactions, responses that can occur due to instability. Therefore, the relationship between these variables can be explained in the result of the research.
This finding is based on the beliefs of James (according to Pidmont, 2001) that humans find peace and serenity by referring to the origin of religion (spirituality), and believing in the existence of higher values and a superior power for human general health is essential. Hei and Morrissey (1987) believe that the root of spirituality and spiritual experiences is beneficial to human health. Findings associated with the first hypothesis support this usefulness.

4 Discussion and Conclusion of Findings Related to the Relationship between general Health and Hope
The third hypothesis of research suggests that health-promoting components predict hope in students. Both components of hope were predicted by physical complaints. Factor hopes were predicted by depression and strategic hope was predicted by social performance.
Physical complaints include issues such as insomnia and headache, which can reduce the individual's focus. A person with such situations cannot figure out a strategy for achieving goals. This disrupts hoping mechanisms.
Depression consists of negative mood and reduced pleasure. This disturbance in the mood and the reduction of pleasure shorten the future of the person and more involved in the past. Such a mechanism overshadows the agency, therefore, factor expectations are predicted inversely.
Social performance is a good predictor of strategic hope, as it is in an interpersonal context, and provides support and encouragement of the feedback and ideological cycle of others.
In its interpretation, it can be said that physical complaints have shown a relationship with the hope of being tangible. general health is associated with a lack of negative symptoms and is a kind of pleasure in the mind. The same factors provide a person's perspective on the future and a kind of hope that the results suggest is such a situation.
An examination of hope in all aspects of life, including general health, is an essential element. Hope is the ability to believe in a better feeling in the future; and this is the hope that after the crises it will bring peace to the individual. The results of this study showed that general health is a boost to hope. This finding is not contradictory with the statements emphasizing the link between hope and health (Robinson, 1983). This will be twofold in combination with spirituality, a condition that the results of this study confirm.

Discussion and Conclusion of Findings Related to the Role of Mediating general Health between Spirituality and Hope
The research question sought to answer whether general health mediates the relationship between the components of spirituality and hope.
Based on the results, after predicting the variables in the analysis, the prognostic factor by depression was negatively predicted by social function positively. Factor hopes, while predicting these two, were positively predicted by impression management. Social performance was predicted by instability, magnification and management of the perception. Depression was predicted by despair and instability.
Finally, the result was that depression between frustration and hoped-for-life complements mediation, and social performance between management and withdrawal leads to relative interdependence.
The frustration of situations such as disappointment from God, being angry with him, the feeling of rejection from God, and the fact that God has abandoned the individual. All of these situations create a sense of humor and loss of pleasure, that is, the same characteristics of depression. And these negative and unhealthy mood situations lead to disappointment and hopelessness. The negative emotions of crystallization in depression are related to the kind of worthlessness that overwhelms the agency, which can be the main reason for the reduction of hopefulness. In fact, the contribution of the explained variance of hope is one of the negative emotions of depression. These negative emotions arise from the components of spirituality. Therefore, mediation of depression has completely occurred.
The impression management describes with these characteristics that a person calls for guidance from God for any decision he or she takes. He is as kind at home as he is in the mosque. When he goes to the mosque, he is in a state of respect. Days pray for all my friends and relatives. Always ready to worship. These characteristics cover the incidence range beyond the GHQ's social performance. Therefore, in path analysis, part of its explicit variance decreased with the entry of social function. This reduced amount in explaining factor hope is in fact the common inclusion of social performance and impression management. Therefore, the social function intermediation has been partially implemented.
Awareness, magnification and management of perception among spiritual components directly predicted strategic hope. Social performance among general health components predicts strategic hope. Social performance was predicted by magnification, management, and instability.
Ultimately, the result was that social performance between the magnification and the strategic hope of mediation is relative.
The magnification includes the following: the great ability of a person to change divine providence through worship, the awareness of God that the person is more spiritual than most people, the awareness of God that the needs of the individual are more important than the needs of most people, An extraordinary connection that most people do not understand, belief in resorting to God as the best way to obtain whatever one wants, is that one's worship is more effective than God's worship and believes in more talent To most people in the diagnosis of divine providence.
It seems that the part of the actual social function of the individual that modifies or neutralizes these feelings with magnification, then entering the path analysis absorbs parts of the direct relationship of magnification and hope, and keeps the less false and magnified parts. Perhaps the remaining areas of magnification are beyond social function and cannot be absorbed by general health. Therefore, social function has shown the role of relative mediation.
Social performance with spirituality components is more similar to their sociality. Such sexually transmitted variables in a social and interpersonal context are able to attract a network of social support. A socially supportive textbook, rich in good-looking postcards, places one's life in line with the goals that make hope. An explanation elaborating the results obtained in response to the research question.
Multiculturalism is an essential part of clinical activity. To comment religion and spirituality are an essential part of the client's cultural world, and experts are strongly influenced by the results of research showing a positive Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-5766 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0484 (Online) DOI: 10.7176/RHSS Vol.9, No.12, 2019