The Impact of Anaerobic Exercise Training on Some Selected Physical Fitness Components of U-17 Male Handballtrainees in Case of Injibara Town, Ethiopia

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of anaerobic training on speed, agility and anaerobic power on U-17 Handball trainees. All off twenty six (26) Handball players who was the only Handball training project team at Injibara town with age U-17 were conveniently selected and participated voluntarily in the research. Among those half of them were randomly selected as EG which specially prepared anaerobic training was applied and the rest were CG. Weight and height averages of U-17 EG and CG were similar which is 56.92 Kg and 57.77 Kg in weight and 1.68m and 1.71m in height respectively. Before training, PT of two groups of thirteen (13) players (IAT and TT of agility tests, VJ and SLJ tests of anaerobic power tests and 10m & 40m dash speed tests) were recorded. The anaerobic training were implemented on the EG twice a week, 35 to 40 min a day. Consequently after six weeks of anaerobic training, DT was taken in each parameter and a little improvement in each test results observed and training was continually given by increasing its intensity. After three months, posttest measurement on the same parameters was taken. The difference between the tests were analyzed statistically, with paired sample “t” test at P<0.05 Consequently it was observed that anaerobic training implemented on junior level players brought about significant improvements between pre and post test results of agility, in which duration to complete IAT and TT was decreased by a mean difference of 0.381 seconds at P=0.001 and 0.738 seconds at P=0.000. Speed in which duration of 10m and 40m dash speed test result was decreased by a mean difference of .1262seconds at P=.020 and .1293seconds at P=.010 respectively.. And power, in which height and length of VJ and SLJ test result were increased by a mean difference of .06m at P=.000 and 0.1161 m at P=0.000 respectively. As result the investigator recommended that adding anaerobic training on their Handball training program helps to improve players speed, agility and power.


T-Test
The main purpose of this test is, testing agility of athletes, and includes forward, lateral, and backward running.

Procedure and Analysis
Set out four cones as illustrated in the diagram above (5 yards = 4.57 m, 10 yards = 9.14 m). The subject starts at cone A. On the command of the timer, the subject sprints to cone B and touches the base of the cone with their right hand. They then turn left and shuffle sideways to cone C, and also touch its base, this time with their left hand. Then shuffling sideways to the right to cone D and touching the base with the right hand, then shuffle back to cone B touching with the left hand and run backwards to cone A. The stopwatch is stopped as they pass cone A.

Speed Tests
The purpose of this test was to determine acceleration, maximum running speed of subjects.

Procedure and Analysis
The test involves running a single maximum sprint over a set distance, with time recorded. After a standardized warm up, the test is conducted over a certain distance, such as 10, 20, 40 and/or 50 meters or yards, depending on the sport and what you are trying to measure. The starting position should be standardized, starting from a stationary position with a foot behind the starting line, with no rocking movements. If you have the equipment (e.g. timing gates), you can measure the time to run each split distances (e.g. 5, 10, 20m) during the same run, and then acceleration and peak velocity can also be determined. It is usual to give the athletes an adequate warmup and practice first, and some encouragement to continue running hard past the finish line.

Methods of Data Analysis
The data collected through a serious of skill related physical fitness tests was presented as a group mean value and standard deviations. And the effects of anaerobic training on variables were analyzed in separate two pre coded groups experimental (EG) and control group (CG) twice, pre and posttests. And the difference between each test result was analyzed statically with "t" test at p<0.05through the use of computerized statically package software (SPSS) version 20.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter discussed the analysis of data collected from the samples of study and its results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three months of anaerobic training on agility, power and speed of Injibara town U-17 Handball trainees. A pretest of Agility (Illinois agility and t-test), power (Vertical and standing long jump) and speed test of 10 and 40 meter dash test were given. The trainees continued their Handball training which was given three times per a week; simultaneously half of them were randomly selected and subjected to three months of anaerobic training.
Consequently during test on the same parameters and tests were given after six weeks of training and Then at the end of three months of anaerobic training (post) similar tests were given for all 26 Handball trainees regardless of their groups so as to evaluate whether anaerobic training affects agility, power and speed of U-17 Handball trainees or not. Then finding obtained after three months core training program are presented below in tables and analyzed graphically. Table 1 and 2 shows physical features and Table 3 and 4, show the statistics for agility, power and speed test scores. The abbreviations used in the research were as follows: Experimental Group (EG), Control Group (CG), Illinois Agility Test (IAT), T-test (TT), Vertical Jump Test (VJT), Standing Long Jump Test (SLJT), 10 meter dash (ST1) and 40 meter dash for speed test (ST2). Body weight averages of the groups in the research are as follows; U-17 EG=56.92 Kg; CG=57.77 and height averages of the groups in the study are as follows; U-17 EG=1.68 m; CG=1.71m.   372, 11.2077 and 10.634 respectively. And also the CG was 11.5023,11.3846 and 11.1254 respectively. So these data indicated that there is a significant difference and gradual improvement between PT, DT and PoT test results of both the EG and CG.
In which incase of the EG, duration of Illinois agility run test was significantly less by a mean difference of 0.381 at P=0.001 and duration of T-test was significantly decreased by a PT and PoT mean difference of .738. At P=0.000 after three months of anaerobic training. And also in case of the CG, in which duration of Illinois agility run test was significantly less by a mean difference of .3685 at P=.017 and duration of T-test was significantly decreased by a mean difference of .3769 at P=0.005.As a result the investigator accepted alternative hypothesis 1 and rejected the null hypothesis. And is confirmed with this finding, Pankajbhai and Shantilal(2015) found in their research conducted on effect of core stability training on speed of running in female cricket players that, two weeks of core stability training improves speed of running and agility in selected female cricket players as measured by 4x10 m shuttle run test and T test for agility.

Figure 1: Graphical presentation of IAT and T Test result of both groups
As the collected data and graph indicated; even if both EG and CG had a significant change at p<0.05, there is a difference in their pre and post mean values of both agility tests, in which mean difference in t-test of EG was 0 .738. At P=0.000 which is relatively high change than mean difference in t-test of CG 0.3769 at P=0.005. But in case of Illinois agility test there is no much difference among pre and posttest mean of both EG and CG beyond to their significant change listed above. As Table 2: shows that EG Pre, during and post VJT test mean was 0.82, 0.8369 and 0.88 respectively. The CG,PT, DT and PoT result of VJT mean was 0.8154, .8215 and.8408 respectively. So these data indicated that there is a significant difference and gradual improvement between PT, DT and post test results of both groups. In which incase of the EG, height of VJT test result was significantly increased by a PT and PoT mean difference of Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports www.iiste.org ISSN (Paper) 2312-5187 ISSN (Online) 2312-5179 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.46, 2020 5 0.06 at P=.000, after three months of anaerobic training. In case of the CG, height of VJT result was significantly increased by a mean difference of 0.0254 At P= 0.038 but in case of the second power test which is SLJT, a significant difference and gradual improvements was obtained only at the EG in which there PT, DT and post test result was 2.1354, 2.1562 and 2.2515 respectively. In which length of SLJT result of this groups is increased by a PT and PoT mean difference of 0.1161 at P= 0.003. But based on the pre given significance value in which the mean difference of pre and post SLJT result of the CG was 0.0308 at P> 0.05.Since the only improvement was shown by the EG, the researcher accepted alternative hypothesis 2 and rejected the null one. And it is confirmed with the following findings.
Tarik. O, (2016) found in their research conducted on Relationship between core stability, dynamic balance and jumping performance in Handball players that core stability is associated with jump height in Handball players.
Heydar .S et al (2013) showed in their research conducted on The effect of six-week core stability exercises on performance of male athlete, 11-14 years old that significant increment was observed in Performance tests of (Standing Broad Jump, Vertical Jump, 9.1 m Sprint, Shuttle Run) and recommend the core stability exercises to improve general performance of athletes. Thus it is in conformity with the finding of this study. Figure 2: Graphical presentation of VJT and SLJT (power) test of both groups.
As the above data and graph indicated; even if both EG and CG had a significant change in VJT at p<0.05, there is a difference in their pre and post mean values of SLJT in which mean difference in EG was .06 at P=0.000 which is relatively high change than mean difference in vertical jump test of CG .0254 at P=.038. And in case of SLJT; there is also difference between a pre and posttest mean difference values of both EG and CG which is .1161 at P=0.003 and .0308 at P=.052 respectively.  Table 4: shows that Pre, during and posttest result of ST1 (10mdash) test mean of EG was 1.8700, 1.8415and1.7308 respectively. And of the CG, Pre DT and PoT test mean was 1.9900, 1.9654 and1.8638 respectively. And also pre, during and post ST2 test results of the EG was7.6000, 7.5085 and 7.3985 respectively. And also the CG was 7.5708, 7.5292 and 7.4415 respectively. Therefore these data indicated that there is a significant difference and gradual improvement of players speed between three consecutive tests of both the EG and CG. In which incase of the EG, duration of 10m dash speed test (ST1) was significantly less by a PT and PoT mean difference of .1392 at P=.006 and duration of 40m dash speed test (ST2) was significantly decreased by a mean difference of .2015. At P=.008 after three months of anaerobic training. And also in case of the CG, in Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports www.iiste.org ISSN (Paper) 2312-5187 ISSN (Online) 2312-5179 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.46, 2020 6 which duration of 10m dash speed test (ST1) was significantly less by a mean difference of .1262 at P=.020 and duration of 40m dash speed test (ST2) was significantly decreased by a mean difference of.1293 at P=.010. As a result the investigator accepted alternative hypothesis 3 and rejected the null hypothesis. And the following researchers supported this study. Thomas and William (2009) found in their research conducted on a female volleyball team that 40m sprint speed improved after core training: thus, it is in conformity with the finding of this study.
Natalia Niewolna and Teresa ZwierkoA (2015) found in their research conducted on The Effect of three months anaerobic exercises on Selected Speed and Strength Parameters in Expert Female Handball players, There was also a significant reduction in the time of 30 meter sprint at p < 0.05, Thus it is also in conformity with the finding of this study. Figure: 3 Graphical presentation ofST1 (10m) and ST2 (40m dash) speed test the group As the collected data and graph indicated; even if both EG and CG had a significant change and gradual improvements in each tests. There is only a little difference in change of pre and post mean values of both 10m and 40m dash speed test, in which mean difference in 10m dash speed test of EG and CG was 0.1392. At P= 0.006 and .1262 at P= 0.020 respectively. And also pre and post mean differences in ST2 (40 meter dash speed test) of EG and CG was 0.2015 at P= 0.008 and 0.1293 at P= 0.010 which was a little or no change between both groups were observed here. Generally, three months of anaerobic training has a significant change of improvement in speed, power and agility of U-17 Experimental groups than control groups though three months of regular Handball training has its own positive effect on such skills too.

Conclusions
Based on the major findings of the study the following points were stated as a conclusion. The result of the study showed that 3 months of anaerobic training has relative positive effect on agility of U-17 Handball trainees as measured by Illinois agility and T-test. The output of the study showed that 3 months of anaerobic training has a significant improvement on power of U-17 Handball trainees. The finding of this study yields a significant benefit on improvement of Handball trainee's speed. In general after three months of anaerobic training, statistically significant improvement and change were observed in U-17 Handball player's agility, power and speed. This result is supported by the study findings conducted by Afiyon. A, stated in his research done on 16 years old Handball players that 12 weeks anaerobic training has an explosive effect on player's motoric capabilities such as; standing long jump, shuttle run, speed, plank, and vertical jump which are some of an important parameters of Handball speed power and agility. Therefore this finding complies with this study.

REFERENCES
A. Faigenbaum (2001) 2000) found that performance in an agility run test was the best distinguishing feature of the elite individuals "on comparing elite 15-16-year old players with age-matched sub-elite Handball players". Singh (2007), players of trained were found significantly better on all physical fitness variables i.e. strength, speed, power, flexibility, agility and endurance that of non-trained one. Wesley Hit and Getty April 23, (2015) Squat jumps and ply metric jumps are basic drills that improve agility and power and help increase an athlete's vertical jump.

APPENDIX-A Information record form
The questionnaire prepared for researching entitled "the effect of anaerobic training on Handball skills related fitness components on Injibara town u-17 Handball Trainees at Awi zone Amhara regional state." so you are kindly requested to give appropriate information for the following question regarding to your current health status.

APPENDIX-B Sample Consent Form
I (print name) ______________________________ hereby consent to participating in the anthropometric test and three months of scientific studies which is conducted on the effect of anaerobic training on U-17 Handball trainees on the following terms: I have been informed about the wellness, current status of health assessment and questionnaires, the training procedures and understand what I will berequired to do. And I understand that I will be partaking in three months of anaerobic training besides the regular Handball training. I understand that there is always a risk of injury associated with strength and Handball training. And I can withdraw my consent, freely and without prejudice, at any time. I understand that the information obtained from the test will be treated confidentially, with my right to privacy assured. However, the information obtained may be used for statistical analysis or scientific purpose with my right to privacy retained. And I accept that: this is my personal interest and willingness to participate in any of the necessary procedures which involves in any steps of this study as possible. Participant signature________________________Date_______________________________ Parent/Guardian name (if under the age of 18) _______________________________________ Parent/Guardian signature____________________________Date_______________________