Crop Response to Different Mulch Type and Furrow Irrigation Methods in Major Irrigated Areas of Ethiopia: A Review

The paper was focused on reviewing of different documents and research findings from studies conducted on interaction effect of different mulch type and furrow irrigation methods on different crop types on major irrigated area of the country. The coverage of the research findings conducted on mulch type and furrow irrigation method was between 2010 and 2021. Approaches followed on reviewing the papers on different mulch type and furrow irrigation methods were through reviewing journals from websites and research output reports. On this paper review, achievements of different mulch type for different furrow irrigation under diverse agro-ecologies are highlighted based on the current knowledge from available sources. Based on different findings the use of plastic mulch type was best option for both crop yield increment and soil moisture conservation .So in current research findings in order to use mulch for crop production purpose was best practice method due to year to year climate change and drought occurrences key solutions to avoid crop yield collapse and failure.


Introduction
Irrigation is a vitally in meeting the food and fiber needs for a rapidly expanding world population (Howell, weight was significant (p<0.05) influenced due to different types of furrow irrigation water management methods. On the other hand, different mulching type had no significant effect on 1000-seed weight. The highest (347.1 g) 1000-seed weight was obtained at conventional furrow method and it was statistically similar with that of alternate furrow method. On the other hand, the minimum (304.3 g) 1000-seed weight was obtained at fixed furrow a condition which was statistically inferior to both conventional and alternate furrow method. On the other hand the analysis of pooled means and both season data reveled that different types of furrow irrigation water management methods influenced aboveground biomass and grain yield of maize highly significantly (p<0.01). Maximum aboveground biomass (28.28 t/ ha) and grain yield (6.29 t/ha) were observed at conventional furrow irrigation water application method. The maximum aboveground biomass and grain yield obtained at conventional furrow method were statistically superior to both alternate and fixed furrow methods. Contrary to this, minimum aboveground biomass (19.29 t/ ha) and grain yield (4.20 t/ha) were obtained at fixed furrow irrigation method. The minimum aboveground biomass and grain yield obtained at fixed furrow were statistically similar with that of alternate furrow irrigation method. The highest aboveground biomass and grain yield of maize obtained at conventional furrow irrigation method lead to an improvement of 46.6 and 49.8% than the fixed furrow method, respectively.
The analysis of pooled means and both season data also revealed that different types of mulch on maize had a highly significant (p<0.01) influence on aboveground biomass. Moreover, grain yield of maize was significantly (p<0.05) affected by different types of mulch. Maximum aboveground biomass (22.59 t/ha) and grain yield (4.98t/ha) were observed at plastic mulching condition. The maximum aboveground biomass obtained at plastic mulching was statistically superior to both treatments which followed by straw mulching condition. Moreover, the minimum (20.73 t/ha) aboveground biomass obtained at no mulching condition was statistically inferior to both treatments. On the other hand, the maximum grain yield obtained at plastic mulching condition was statistically similar with that of straw mulch. Moreover, the minimum (4.67 t/ha) grain yield obtained at no mulching condition was statistically similar with that of straw mulch. The highest aboveground biomass and grain yield of maize obtained at plastic mulching lead to an improvement of 19.1 and 16.9% over the conventional non-mulching condition. The research conducted on wondogent research center showed that maximum above ground biomass and 1000-seed rate both on conventional furrow irrigation method and plastic mulch. This might be due to highest and adequate soil moisture content in the root zone leads to improve aboveground biomass and grain yield of maize.
Similarly the study conducted at were Werer Agricultural Research Center area revealed that above ground biomass production of maize was maximized ((24654.30 kg ha-1)) with conventional furrow irrigation method and (7930.40 kg/ha) was obtained from white plastic mulch (Abebe et al. 2020). Those finding could be important information for the production of maize both using different mulch type and furrow irrigation method.so as the result showed that as the soil moisture more conserved the crop yield also increased where similar agro-ecology and soil type .alternative furrow irrigation method with plastic mulch were best practiced and option both in grain yield production and water use efficiency.

Onion
Research conducted on onion crop in Debre zeit Agricultural research center (Ashebir et al 2021) reported that results on different types of furrow method had a significant difference (p<0.01) on onion yield. The maximum Onion yield (39.5 t/ha) were observed at conventional furrow irrigation water application method. The maximum marketable Onion yield obtained at conventional furrow irrigation was statistically superior to both alternate and fixed furrow irrigation. However, minimum marketable yield (28.9 t/ha) were obtained at fixed furrow irrigation method. Therefore, the highest marketable yield of onion obtained at conventional furrow irrigation method lead to an improvement of 27 % while alternative furrow was 16% than the fixed furrow irrigation method. Journal of Resources Development andManagement www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8397 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.80, 2021 4 In addition to different furrow irrigation method the different types of mulch on onion yield had highly significant (p<0.01). Therefore, maximum marketable yield of onion bulb (37.1 t/ha) were observed at straw mulching condition but the maximum bulb yield obtained at straw mulching condition was statistically similar with that of plastic mulch. Moreover, the minimum (29.5 t/ha) marketable yield obtained at no mulching condition was statistically significant different with both straw and plastic mulching. So, the highest marketable yield of onion bulb obtained at straw followed by plastic mulching showed an improvement of 20% and 18% respectively over the conventional non-mulching condition.
On the other hand, (Temesgen, T. (2018) who reported that the highest marketable yield were obtained through black plastic mulch followed by straw mulch in Onion crop. Interaction effect of deficit irrigation levels by mulching exhibited a highly significant (P<0.01) influence on the marketable yield. The highest marketable yield (47.25 ton ha-1) was obtained from combined application of treatment received 100% ETc and plastic mulch whereas the lowest marketable yield (15 tonha-1) was obtained from treatment received 50% ETc and no mulch. Based on different research conducted finding results reported that different results and conclusions. Like

Conclusions
Different Research findings on different mulch type and furrow irrigation method on different crop type at different parts of the country recommendation should be used for different irrigation conditions like fixed furrow irrigation method, alternative furrow irrigation method and different mulch type like plastic mulch, straw mulch and no mulch conditions. Research findings revealed that different mulch type under different irrigation condition significantly produced higher yield of diverse crops. Various crops under different agro-ecology and soil type were significantly different in response to mulch type. So, application of higher thickness and more soil moisture conserving mulch material like plastic mulch could be best for more yield production. Some of are recommended straw mulch are higher than the plastic mulch. Based on different findings most of research conducted on mulch type and furrow irrigation methods are not considered cost benefit and economic analysis of mulch type and the water conserved by using mulch. In addition to this like Wed management system special in plastic mulch the wed controlling system is very difficult when the plastic covered fully the plot area. Disease controlling system on straw mulch, mulch material standards different research finding are not mention the mulch type and rate. So when researches are conducted on mulch type should be mention mulch type special straw mulch type and in plastic mulch the thickness and also color type white or black. Although different research conducted in different parts of the country especially Journal of Resources Development and Management www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8397 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.80, 2021 5 in research centers when proposed research activities on mulch the mulching system should be mention like all of the plot covered or only root zone of the crop and mulch materials only one crop type or local easily available any mulch materials. Moreover, more study on effect of different mulch type option and furrow irrigation method should be studied. The findings clearly indicated the interactive effect of the moisture content conservation and furrow irrigation method has significant yield advantage over almost all the control treatment on different crop types. Generally this review aims to contribute towards the research conducted in our country based on mulch type and integrated with furrow irrigation method could be documented and also filling this gap as listed above by focusing on the use of mulch in irrigated area as a best water-saving practice.

Reference
Adekalu ko, okunade da and osunbitan ja (2006). compaction and mulching effects on soil loss and runoff from two southwestern nigeria agricultural soils. Geoderma 137 (1