Analysis on the Application of Transposition Theory in Translating a Text from English into Indonesian

The objective of this study was to analyze the transposition occurring in translating a text from English into Indonesian. The method used to analyze the data is a descriptive qualitative research method and presented in the word class changes based on the application of transposition theory Vinay and Darbelnet and the other experts. The data were collected from the novel Magnus Chase and The Hammer of Thor as the source language and its translation in Indonesian as the target language. The result shows that transposition can be classified to several types of word class changes that comes up in the translation: adjective to verb 16%, adverb to adjective 27%, adjective to noun 9%, noun to verb 22%, noun to adjective 13%, adverb to verb 5%, and adverb to noun 8%. In conclusion, the word class in the source language is changed in the target language and the researcher shows that the changing from adverb to adjective is the most dominant in the translation. This research was expected to have contributions for future study about transposition in the translation.


INTRODUCTION
Translation is the crucial role in the communication of the globalization era because it is necessary to all aspect such as increasing the development in the global effect. Without translation, we cannot understand the meaning of the words and spread the language as a tool of communication itself. In other words translation is a branch of linguistic who have asymmetrical relationship. In fact, every linguist needs translation as an independent communication and alteration of meaning within and across cultures. The relationship of linguistics to translation can be twofold: first can apply the findings of linguistics to the practice of translation, and second can have a linguistic theory of translation, as opposed, say, to a literary, economic or psychological theory of translation. Many definitions of translation suggested by experts share the same idea of translation in general. Some of the definitions suggested by different experts are: Larson (1998: 3) stated that "…translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language." Newmark (1981: 7) said that translation is "a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and /or statement in another language." According to Catford (1965: 20), translation is "…the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)." Therefore, based on the definitions of translation given by Larson, Newmark, and Catford, the researcher can draw a conclusion that translation is the replacement of an original language in the source text to another language in the target text, with the same meaning.
Translation is a cognitive process of decoding texts to derive the meaning of the words, phrases, and sentences in the source language into target language. In our daily life, translation is a worldwide activity being conducted by everyone who endorses the capability to master more than one language, therefore translation is a way to share knowledge, and transmit the meaning of the language. Munday (2001: 5) stated that the process of translation between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source of the text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target language or TL). In addition, a translator should have some skills cluster that will help to transfer the meaning carried by the SL to the TL, such as cultural understanding, information technology, making decision, communication, language and literacy, and project management (Samuelsson-Brown, 2004: 2). Accordingly, the important step in translation process is meaning. The meaning of a given word or set of words is best understood as the contribution that word or phrase can make to the meaning or function of the whole sentence or linguistic utterance where that word or phrase occurs (Zaky, 2000). Hence, when the translator is translating a text and analyze it, the equivalence of translation should be concerned in the SL and the TL. So, the translator must be noticed every word and diction in the text itself. Moreover, Bell (1991:6) emphasized that in translating different language equivalent can occur in different degree like in context, semantic, grammar, lexis, word-for-word etc. Hence, the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of translation product is put on whether the messages are conveyed to the intended readers.
With regard to the translation study that investigated the application involving two languages, the challenging phenomenon is found on English text when it is translated into Indonesian. The challenge appeared in the translation when transferring the words of the source language to the equivalent on the target language by considering the context in the two different cultural background without missing any sense of meaning. Nida (1964: 156) said that "since no two languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways which such symbols are arrange in phrase and sentences, it stands to reason that there can be no absolute correspondence between languages". Besides, Larson (1998: 179) stated that a translator has to consider not only the two languages but also the two cultures. By applying the translation techniques or strategies, it can be known the transference ways of the SL and the TL and how the equivalence drawn from the SL and the TL. That is why some linguist used different terms to render the way of transference.
One particular strategy that is going to be analyzed on this research is called as transposition which considering the translation could happen under the sense of different languages and cultures. On the other hand some researchers have conducted researches about transposition. Budi (2015) has conducted a research about transposition and modulation while the current research has conducted a research about transposition. He tries to find out the type and accuracy in the translation using those strategies whereas the current research is found out the dominant of word class changes appeared in the translation using transposition strategies. His research and the current research have different analyze; he has analyze of transposition and modulation in the tourism text book and the researcher analyze of transposition in the novel. The similarity between his researches is analyzing the source text from English into Indonesian. Dewik (2016) has conducted a research about the translation shifts while the current research has conducted a research about transposition. She tries to find out the shift in the level of noun or the noun phrase using transposition and modulation strategies whereas the current research is found out the dominant of word class changes appeared in the translation using transposition strategies. The difference between her researches is analyzing the source text from Balinese into English. The similarity between her researches are the data has found and analyzed from novel.
The researcher wants to find out the transpositions that occurs in English texts which translated into Indonesian. The problems may include grammatical, and word class changes. It is crucial to conduct this study because to apply the transposition theory proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet and the other expert. The term of transposition suggested by the experts share the same idea of transposition in general. Some of the term suggested by different experts are: Vinay and Darbelnet (1995: 36) explained that "The method called transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. Beside being a special translation procedure, transposition can also be applied within a language." Molina and Albir (2002: 499) stated that "Transposition. A shift of word class, i.e., verb for noun, noun for preposition e.g., Expediteur and From." Munday (2009: 212) said that "Oblique translation strategies are applied when word-forword renderings do not work. To these strategies belong: (1) transposition, which concerns grammatical shift such as word class changes, e.g. German noun Materialisierung  English verb to materialise;…" The researcher can draw a conclusion that transposition is a word class changes in the source language into the target language. In addition, conducting this research deepens the researcher's ability in analyzing of transposition in the translation from English into Indonesian. With regard to this research, it is necessarily transpositions occurred on the level of word class changes, therefore the analysis is more focused on the replacing one word class with another and not only noun to verb but the other word class that is often comes up on the novel Magnus Chase and The Hammer of Thor and its translation in Indonesian. In other words the statements of the problems in this research are, What are the factors that made the transposition a necessity? And What word class changes are often occurred on the SL and the TL found in the novel of Magnus Chase and The Hammer of Thor and its version in Indonesian. Regarding to the problem which is needed to be solved, the researcher should be found the data as many as possible and analyzed in depth.

METHOD
The source of the data in this research are taken from the English novel Magnus Chase and The Hammer of Thor written by Rick Riordan and published by Disney America and its translation by Reni Indardini which published by Noura Books Jakarta. In doing analysis, the first step is scanned for transposition in the Magnus Chase and The Hammer of Thor and its translation in Indonesian. Further steps, the identified transposition is extracted and put in pair with its translation to analyze using Chesternan's strategies. According to Chesterman transposition as part of syntactic strategies. Chesterman (2000: 95) has used the term transposition from Vinay and Darbelnet to nean any change of word-class, e.g. from noun to verb, adjective to verb. Normally this strategy obviously involves structural changes as well, but it is often useful to isolate the word-class change as being of interest in itself. To analyze the data, the researcher uses a descriptive qualitative research method, because there is a description of the data from the source as well as from the evaluate products of the translation.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The researcher determines to conduct the analysis on the application of transposition theory in translating a text from English into Indonesian. Referring to the aims of the research, the researcher wants to describe about the use of transposition theory proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet and the other expert, to describe the factors that made the transposition a necessity, and to describe the transposition that occurs in English texts which is translated into Indonesian. The amount of transposition that have been found and collected is 85 data; 7 of them were taken to be analyzed. Those transposition are analyzed and classified according to the type of word class changes. Each type of transposition not only verb to noun but there are many word class changes that would be data. Therefore the researcher wants to analyzed the mostly word class changes emerge in the translation. The number and percentage of each type of word class changes is presented in the figure 1.

. The amount of word class changes in the Magnus Chase and The Hammer of Thor
From the figure 1, it can be seen that the number of word class changes (adverb to adjective) is 27%. It shows that 27% of the word class in the source language is changed in the target language and the researcher shows that the changing from adverb to adjective is the most dominant. Then the number of word class changes (adverb to verb) is 5%. It indicates that there are a few of word class changes from the adverb to verb. Based on the result of the analysis, transposition is occur because involving the different grammatical structures and different context in the SL to TL. Therefore transposition is necessity, because each word in the source language is not translated literally especially when the word has affix and it should be considered to translate in the target language with the suitable context and the right diction. Here are given the analysis of word class changes has found in the Magnus Chase and The Hammer of Thor; 7 of them were appeared in the translation:

Data 1
SL TL The old Viking's eyes turned misty.

Magnus Chase and The Gods of Asgard The Hammer of Thor (trans), Magnus Chase and The Hammer of
Thor (Indardini, 2016), Jakarta: Noura Books, p. 38. Comment …misty is translated into …berkaca-kaca the word …misty which is an adjective is translated into a verb namely …berkaca-kaca Thus, there is a change from an adjective (misty) into a verb (berkaca-kaca). This is called transposition.

Magnus Chase and The Gods of Asgard The Hammer of Thor (trans), Magnus Chase and The Hammer of
Thor (Indardini, 2016), Jakarta: Noura Books, p. 565. Comment …drily is translated into …masam the word …drily which is an adverb is translated into an adjective namely …masam. Thus, there is a change from an adverb (drily) into an adjective (masam). This is called transposition.

Data 3
SL TL A huge percentage of the homeless teens I'd met had been assigned one gender at birth but identified as another, or they felt like the whole boy/girl binary didn't apply to them.

Comment
…homeless… is translated into …gelandangan… the word …homeless… which is an adjective is translated into a noun namely …gelandangan… Thus, there is a change from an adjective (homeless) into a noun (gelandangan). This is called transposition.  (Indardini, 2016), Jakarta: Noura Books, p.81. Comment …accusation … is translated into …menuduh… the word …accusation… which is a noun is translated into a verb namely …menuduh... Thus, there is a change from a noun (accusation) into a verb (menuduh). This is called transposition.

Data 5
SL TL Grimwolf recovered his balance, snarling with irritation.

Magnus Chase and The Gods of Asgard The Hammer of Thor (trans), Magnus Chase and The Hammer of
Thor (Indardini, 2016), Jakarta: Noura Books, p.72. Comment …irritation is translated into …dongkol the word …irritation which is a noun is translated into an adjective namely …dongkol. Thus, there is a change from a noun (irritation) into an adjective (dongkol). This is called transposition.

Data 6
SL TL The grass was littered with ceramic bowls and cups--some colourfully glazed, others unfired clay.

Magnus Chase and The Gods of Asgard The Hammer of Thor (trans), Magnus Chase and The
Hammer of Thor (Indardini, 2016), Jakarta: Noura Books, p. 43. Comment …colourfully … is translated into …berwarna… the word …colourfully… which is an adverb is translated into a verb namely …berwarna... Thus, there is a change from an adverb (colourfully) into a verb (berwarna). This is called transposition.

Data 7
SL TL I touched her hand just briefly.

Magnus Chase and The Gods of Asgard The Hammer of Thor (trans), Magnus Chase and The Hammer of
Thor (Indardini, 2016), Jakarta: Noura Books, p. 566. Comment …briefly is translated into …sekilas the word …briefly which is an adverb is translated into a noun namely …sekilas. Thus, there is a change from an adverb (briefly) into a noun (sekilas). This is called transposition.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, there are some points can be summarized in this research. The researcher found 85 data; out of them, seven were taken to be analyzed. Since English and Indonesian are different languages which have different linguistic systems and culture, therefore it causes this research must be conducted. Transposition is called the word class changes, such as from noun to verb, adjective to noun and so forth. As the difference of grammatical structure, it is found that the word class changes is occur in the translation and it's depend on the form of the words itself especially the word have affixes. Based on the data that the researcher have found and analyzed, transposition can be classified to several types of word class changes, namely from adjective to verb, adverb to adjective, adjective to noun, noun to verb, noun to adjective, adverb to verb, and adverb to noun.
Regarding to the types of word classes, it can be shown that transposition is fundamental strategies in translation to obtain translation products that have equivalent with their source language, the word in the SL sometimes cannot translated literally in the TL especially the word that have affixes and it can be easy to choose the right diction as considered as possible in the context of each sentences. This research is very significant for translation studies because it could enrich translator's knowledge, especially the application of transposition as a syntactic strategy.