Healthy Life Style Status of Wolkite University Academic Staffs Vis-À-Vis Second-Generation University Academic Staffs of Center Ethiopia

Background: University staffs play a vital role in producing an intellectual generation of one’s country. The healthy life status of instructors may have both positive or negative impacts on services that they provide to students and on the quality of education. Therefore, this study aimed to examine a healthy lifestyle status of wolkite university academic staff as compared to second-generation university. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on University instructors from three different Universities of Debre Birahn, Wolkite and Wolita Sodo Universities found in Ethiopia. A stratified random sampling technique was employed for selected study participants. During data collection methods demographic variables and health-promoting lifestyle profile 2 standardized questionnaires were used. Each item's expression was scored on a scale of 1 to 4. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha) of this tool was in acceptable interval α = 0.868. Finally, the data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and inferential statistical tests like the Chi-Square test of association, Independent T-test and Analysis of variance. Results: According to the results, the descriptive analysis of subscales of health-promoting lifestyle profile 2 for both gender male and female showed that the highest mean was recorded for health responsibility subscale whereas the lowest mean belongs to the subscale of physical activity. The mean health-promoting lifestyle among three universities Wolkite University was lower than other universities in terms of the subscale of physical activity and Wolita Sodo university was higher than other universities in terms of the subscale of health responsibility. There is no significant mean difference between universities. The independent T-test result shows that there’s a significant mean difference between male and female instructors in subscales of physical activity and Nutrition. This study found that the Nutrition and Physical activity subscales of health-promoting lifestyle was low. The healthy promoting lifestyle of staff members in the three universities had no significant mean different. Staff should have the habit of scheduled physical activities to keep safe their healthy lifestyle.

in Africa, the problem related to poor lifestyle even become worse. Health promotion should, therefore, start from daily habits and creating a living environment, which is safe, satisfying, enjoyable and interesting, contributes to healthier and happier living.
Thus, When the staff improves their healthy lifestyle status based on the standardized healthy lifestyle principle, this also has a direct impact on the quality of life and improves the staffs' participation in their day-today activity.
Moreover, the researcher observed many problems regarding the healthy lifestyle of peoples working at Wolkite University. By applying the Health Promotion lifestyle 2 models proposed in the early 1980s as extracting tools of important information regarding factors determining of a healthy lifestyle [5].Thus, the purpose of this study was to find out the status of Wolkite University academic and administrative staffs' lifestyle against healthy lifestyle principles by comparing with some selected second-Generation University found in the country.

Method
A cross-sectional study was conducted on University instructors from three different Universities 190, 178 and 179 of Debre Birahn, Wolkite and Wolita Sodo respectively found in the Republic of Ethiopia. To select representative samples among the target population the researchers used a stratified simple random sampling technique. The list of all instructors obtained from each university human resource office, and then they will employ lottery methods to select the participants from the population. This method will give all the participants to have equal chances to be selected and also this method avoids personal bias.
A sample size of 547 was determined using a single population proportion with the assumption that the proportion of healthy lifestyle 50 %, a margin of error 4% and Type I error of 5%.
A structured questionnaire was used for data collection the questionnaire included demographic characteristics and health-promoting lifestyle profile 2 consisting of 52 items with 6 subscales of Nutrition, Physical Activity, Spiritual Growth, Health Responsibility, Interpersonal Relations, and Stress Management.
To keep the weight of items expression for each item subscale scores mean were used. Each item expression was scored on a scale of 1 to 4 with a list of categories Never= 1, Sometimes = 2, Usually= 3, and Always=4. The psychometrically evaluated and internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha) of this tool was in acceptable interval α = 0.868. Finally, the data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics likes Mean, Standard Deviation and Percentages, as well as inferential statistical tests like Chi-Square association, Independent T-test and Analysis of variance, were used.

Result
In this study, a total of 547 university instructors were considered from three different universities. The result in figure 1 revealed that 34.73 % of them were from Wolkite University and the rest 32.72% and 32.54% were from Wolita Sodo University and Debre Brahan University respectively. Table 1 reveals that the highest proportion of young age group being 26-30-year olds 63.2% of respondents were found in Wolkite University and followed by Wolaita Sodo University (52.5%) and Debre Brahan University (41%). where a proportion of elder age group greater than 35-year olds representing the largest group was found in Debre Brahan University (16.3%). followed by and Wolkite University (8.4%) and Wolaita Sodo University (6.7%) The largest share of first-degree instructors (25.1%) of belonged to Wolaita Sodo University, the highest proportion of those with a second degree were in Wolkite University (79.5%) and third-degree Level qualifications were higher in Debre Brahan University (10.7%) From table 1 when we compare work experience of respondents in the three universities the highest proportion of work experience in between 2-5 years was recorded at Wolkite University (41.6%) and followed by Debre Brahan University (37.1%). Whereas the largest proportion of Work experience in between 5-10 years was observed in Wolaita Sodo University.
Based on the Chi-square test, all demographic variables listed in table 1 like Age, Educational Status, Work experience, and Monthly Income were significantly associated with three categories of the university.
To decide the status of health-promoting subscales and the related components, scores of instructor of three universities were separated into four break accordingly 75.4% of Wolita Soda University instructors perceived health-promoting behaviors at fair level of Nutrition, 60.1% and 60.0% Debrebrahan University instructors conscious of health-promoting behaviors physical activity and health responsibility at fair and high level respectively, and Wolkite University instructors conscious of health-promoting behaviors stress management and interpersonal relations were perceived by 59.5% and 49.5 respectively at high level.
Based on table 2 results, there was a significant association between physical activity and three university categories, on the other hand, no significant association between Nutrition, Stress management, interpersonal relations, health responsibility with the three groups of universities at α=0.05 significance level. Based on table 3, the mean of female instructors in subscales of nutrition, stress management, interpersonal relationship, health responsibility, spiritual growth and total scale of the health-promoting way of life profile 2 used to be greater than male students. Within the sub-scale of physical activity, the mean of female instructors was lower than males.
The independent T-test result shows that there's a noteworthy distinction between male and female instructors in subscales of physical activity and Nutrition. According to independent T-test results, there's a not statistically significant difference between male and female instructors of rest subscales at α=0.05 significance level.
The mean of physical activity, nutrition and health responsibility subscales in Wolaita Sodo University instructors were higher than the other university, instructor of Wolkite University had high mean of Stress Management and Interpersonal Relations subscale of healthy lifestyle while compared with rest university and Spiritual Growth of subscale of healthy lifestyle was higher in Debre Brahan University instructors.
As regards analysis of variance test point out that there is no statistically significant mean difference between the three University instructors in terms of Physical Activity, Nutrition, Stress Management, Interpersonal Relations, Health Responsibility and Spiritual Growth subscales of a healthy lifestyle at α=0.05 significance level (Table 4).

Discussion
This study analyzed the health-promoting lifestyles of three different university instructors in the southern center of Ethiopia. Based on the study results, mean and standard deviation of health-promoting lifestyle status of university instructors was 2.71±0.36.while we compare with different findings, it is greater than of the mean and standard deviation of health-promoting lifestyles done in Tehran city [6,7] whereas the mean and standard deviation of health-promoting lifestyles our finding was less than the finding's reported in Mahidol University [8]. This might happen due to the difference in socio-economic, geographical location and living standards of the citizens. In the current study, physical activity subscale identified as a statistically associated variable with healthpromoting lifestyle among three universities and the mean of health-promoting lifestyle university in terms of the subscale of physical activity was lower than others the other subscale. This result was consistent with the findings [7,9,10] and it may raise from less devotion for physical activities and constraints of important facilities for physical activities.
In this study mean of female instructors in subscales of nutrition, stress management, interpersonal relationship, health responsibility, spiritual growth and total scale of the health-promoting way of life profile 2 used to be greater than male staffs. The mean of health-promoting lifestyle female instructors was lower than male instructors in terms of the subscale of physical activity. There was a statistical significance of the mean difference between male and female instructors. Our finding was opposed to the result conducted on teachers in Turkey University and another study revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between male and female teachers in sub-dimensions of physical activity and other sub-dimensions [12][13][14][15].
In the present study, subscales of Stress Management and Health Responsibility of instructor's had high scores the rest subscales of Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile 2 had fair scores except sub-dimensions of physical activity. The result is in line with other findings [8,15] Moreover, there was a significant association between demographic variables like Age, Educational Status, Work experience and Monthly Income with the Health-Promoting Lifestyle of three university categories. Our result was similar to other findings [15][16][17][18]

Conclusions
Based on the study we conclude that, The Nutrition and Physical activity subscales of healthy promoting lifestyle was low. Healthy promoting lifestyle of staff members in the three universities had no significant mean different. Staffs should have the habit of scheduled physical activities in order to keep safe their healthy lifestyle. The universities also should have resolved every constraint related to facilities for staff. The findings of this study may support University instructors, university leaders ship and policymakers for strategic plan and policy implantations for promoting the health life status level of University instructors. Competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests.