Cement Dust Air Pollution and Its Effects on Human Health in Ewekoro Local Government Area Ogun State, Nigeria

Many developing nations like Nigeria, the causes of air pollution are numerous ranging from disposal of domestic and industrial wastes, bush burning, gas glaring, car exhaust, etc. all these activities affect well-being of human. Cement factory air pollution is classified as one of the sources of air pollution that increase respiratory diseases in community. This paper focuses on the dimensions of the spatial pattern, standards limit of gaseous pollutants (CO, CO 2 and SO 2 ), and health record of the community. Suspended particles were monitored using ToxiRAE II for (Carbon Monoxide and Sulphur) and ALNOR CF910 for (carbon dioxide) air sampler to assess the levels of gaseous pollutants throughout the community. Data on health was collected at the neighborhood health centers. The data was analyzed and the statistical aspect was carried on with the help of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) for the relationship between the pollutant and health record collected where the root means square (r 2 ) show the significance 0.010703, 0.845100, and 0.000733 for SO 2 , CO, and CO 2 respectively.


INTRODUCTION
Clean air is one of the basic requirements of human and well-being. However, during the process of economic development, air pollution has been continues to be significant health hazard worldwide. The most common ambient air pollutants encountered in our daily life are particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutant such as Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO) (AbdulKareem, 2001). Manufacturing activities are known to have a major on the environment through consumption of raw materials from natural resources, emissions to air, land and water, generation and disposal of hazardous wastes, noise pollution, consumption of natural resources in production processes. Generally, the natural environment are made up of air, water and soil and when there is release of emission of waste into any of the components pollution set in.
Cement production includes the quarrying of raw materials, milling, pyro-processing, cooling of clinker, storage, mill finishing, packaging and loading. Most of these operations are characterized by emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and other gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur oxides (SOx), Carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (Olusegun, et al.2012). During klin firing with with high temperature, NO2 is largely produced. Oxidation of volatile sulphur that is present in raw limestone materials releases SO2 into the enviroment. Combustion of hydrocarbon fuel for energy production and the calcination of raw materials constitute the sources of CO and CO2 in cement plant operations (Micheal , 2015). Over the last decade, growing body of epidemiological and clinical evidence has led to a heightened concern about the potential deleterious effects of ambient air pollution on health and its relation to heart disease and stroke, several environmental air pollutants that include carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, ozone, lead and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5 µm) pollution are associated with increased hospitalization and mortality (Brook & Robert, 2004). The level of air pollution varies from country to country, location to location, community to community and from continent to continent (Ugwuanyi & Obi, 2012). In developing country like Nigeria, air pollution laws are not in place and where they are in place, they are not enforced and also lack or inadequate technological knowledge and lack of environmental education among the citizens are other major reasons many developing countries have not been able to control their air quality (AbdulKareem, 2001). Since the exploration of oil and gas and other natural resources, the country have expereinced an escalation in its population growth, urbanization and industrialization, together with great increase in motorization and energy (Nwachukwu, Chukwuocha, & Igbudu, 2012) In the face of this development and with a good number of multinational oil companies, traffic congestion, cement industry, iron melting, telecommunication mast, etc., may contributes to the outdoor pollution (Omran , A M; El-Maghraby, S E; Mahmoud, E A; El-Eter, A M; Salem, M I;. There is high demand for cement worldwide, and developing countries having higher share of demand and production, it production grew by 55% between 1990 and 2000 in developing countries and by 2020 the demand is expected to be 120-180% higher Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol.11, No.11, 2021 than 1990 this trend implies an increase in pollution unless there is a move to cleaner production techniques (Rashid, R;Moncef, L N;Slobodan , P S;. Cement industries pollution is categorized into two segement i.e. the particulate matter and gaseous pollutant, this paper focused on gaseous pollutant aspect.

MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Study area
Ewekoro is one of the sites of West African Portland Cement Company (WAPCO) with large deposits of limestone. It is one of the 21 villages in the local government in Ogun State located along Sango-Ifo-Abeokuta expressway of Ogun State of Nigeria, with about about 594 km2 (229 Sq.mi) of land. It is approximately located between Latitudes 6049ʹ48ʺ N and 706ʹ16ʺ North of Equator and Longitudes 30 2ʹ56ʺE and 30 21ʹ54ʺEast of Greenwich Meridian with an average elevation of 120m (amsl) (Micheal , 2015). Climate in the area is humid tropical characterised by wet (April-November) and dry seasons (December-March). The vegetation around the cement plant is originally tropical rainforest type. Tall grasses and shrubs are becoming predominant owing to cement production activities. The area's wetland encourage massive plantation of sugarcane, which is a major source of income for local people.

Collection of Ambient Air Quality Data
The study area was grided and One Hundred and twenty (120) points samples points was sampled but hundread (100) points was used during the analysis using Ten (10) points from each wards. Wind speed, temperature and direction of the wind was also measured. The sample area where Bus Stops, Road Junction, Along the road, Industrial area, Markets, Residential, Streets, Hospital, and Police station. Handheld air sampler and ToxiRAE II for (CO and SO2) & ALNOR CF910 for CO2, Wind direction and temperature. A hand-held GPS Garmin 62 was also used to take the coordinate of all the points. And the air sampler was placed at breast hight. The field work was conducted in the month of March to April, 2017.

Collection of Health Survey and Clinic Data
The medical record of respiratory cases ailments was collected from the health care in the study area and nearby health care for the period of six (6)

GIS and Statistical Analysis
The use of GIS methods for examing the impact of air pollution on public health has a relatively is still in infant stage. Interpolation techniques was employed during the course of the study to estimate the output grid cell value. The health record obtained from Itori General Hospital was disaggregrated to pie chart to show the age distribution of diagnosed cases. The set of the data was disaggregated to histogram showing the gender. The measured pollutantt results was plotted with the Federal Environmental Agency (FEPA) and World Health Organisation (WHO) which some where higher than the standard limit. The statistical conducted for the relationship between the pollutant and the prevalence was carried out by Ordinary Leaste Square (OLS) and the significant showed positive correlation for the pollutant.

Spatial Pattern of Air Pollutants Cocentration 3.2. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Concentration and Trend
Carbon monoxide is ingested through the lungs of human and animals where it reacts with haemoglobin to reduce the blood's oxygen carring capacity which affects the delivery of oxygen to the body;s organ and tissues and causes serious problems for people with respiratory cardiovascular disease.
Increase and decrease in CO concentrations was measured during the course of the studywhich are nonuniform, higest concentration measued was (16.039)mg/m 3 and (392.154) ppm, activities carry on in the ward such as heavy vehicle loading locations base, untied road that raises dust, heavy waste smoke from aluminium mining sites waste product emmitted by the cement inductry contributes to the high value gottenduring the course of the study. The maximum and minimum concentration value gotten was (16.039)mg/m 3 (392.154) ppm and (8.019) mg/m 3 (196.06455) ppm respectively are higher than the WHO and FEPA standards limit permissbile for 8hours-35hours which contributes negative effects to the health of the community at large. The concentration gotten level gooten was similary to the report of (Ajadi, 2008).

Concentration and Trend of Carbon dioxide CO2
The concentration measured around the cement industry area was higher than that of neighboring wards where industrial activates is not too engage. (644.396) mg/m3 (15755.5) ppm for the maximum and (269.998) mg/m3 (6601.5) for the minimum concentration. Pollutant does not recognize political wards boundaries, the direction of wind, weather condition, topography, air upthrust depict movement of pollutant per time and the height of the stack determine the neighbor community the pollutant will affect most the higher the stack the preventive it is to the community within but have greater in another community.  Vol.11, No.11, 2021 23

Concentration and Trend of Sulphur dioxide SO2
Process of sulphuric acid in the upper atmoshpere contributes to the acid rain, and the low level of it affects human health by causing respiratory irritation disease and also damange vegetation and other part of the ecosystems (Bert, B;Holgate, T S, 2002). The concentration of SO2 measured during the course of study was higher than the standard limit of 0.7ppm set by WHO and 0.5ppm FEPA within 24 hour range. Despite sulphur disolve quickly to SO4 after emitted from the source but the level of SO2 is still stong in the environment. (15.721)mg/m 3 , (3.84.37)ppm was the highest level of concentration gotten and (2.620m)g/m 3 , (64.06)ppm was the lowest concentration gotten during the course of study. Figure 1.5 and 1.6 show the spatial distribution and semi-variogram respectively. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol.11, No.11, 2021 24

Level of Pollutant Measured vs. WHO and FEPA STANDARNDS
From the study carried and the analysis 92% of CO concentration falls below WHO safe limit, 6% falls above the WHO safe limit and 2% are above the FEPA safe limit. The concentration that falls above the safe limit where the point where heavy industrial activities are taken place the loading base emitted waste dust contributes to the high level of CO concentration and the levels of trees planted in the area are not enough so the dust easily settle on the iron sheet, human body, animal, uncovered and other vehicles packaged making the area vulnerable to assimilate dust particle. 83.71% of the sampled point where higher than both WHO and FEPA standards safe limit, 9.50% where above the WHO standard limit and 6.79% where above the FEPA standard limit. The level of carbon dioxide measured during the study was conducive with 47.70% to FEPA, 33.39% to WHO standard safe limit with 18.91% level of carbon measured during the study.  Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol.11, No.11, 2021 3.6 Relationship between the pollutant and the Distance The r 2 of the analysis show that the significance of each pollutants 0.010703, 0.845100, and 0.000733 for SO2, CO, and CO2 respectively showing that SO2 contribute more significance to the health of the people in the community. Mosan ward show the highest prevalence ward having the most impact of the pollutant when the pollutant is released. Figure 1.9 show the breakdown of how the pollutant affect the community.

Figure 1.9 Spatial Pattern of Pollutants and Prevalence Cases 4 Conclusion and Recommendations
Air pollution is something that we cannot really ignore now-a-days which causes a varieties of health problem. As the number of industries keep increasing with time so also level of air pollution keep increasing with different sources. The profile of health problems suffered by the people in the community reflected in the prevalence of respiratory ailments possibly because of cement dust exposure, as confirmed by similar studies elsewhere. Although the industry workers and the residents of the community were exposed to dust pollution, lack of safety knowledge and access to protective equipment and does that are knowledgeable about the safety did not make proper use of it and lack of free medical test and care.
There is a need to enforce environmental laws and policies in the community and Nigeria at large so as to achieve more effective industrial compliance and environmental audit that incorporates surveillance of communities near to operating plants which have an environmental impact. Moreover, communities which can be ascertained to be affected by appreciable deposits of industrial pollutants, should be relocated away from the source, and the existing settlement areas acquired by the factory as a buffer zone which the prevalence in Mosan showed during the analysis and data collected. The plants very close to the factory should not be used for humans consumption such as natural medicine, feeding of animals and other related activities because those plants are contaminated with large amount of pollutant settled on them for ages. Proper awareness must be done to the community member and proper gadget should be distribute to the workers.