Archiving Indigenous Knowledge on Pottery Making Among Macca Oromo: West Shoa Zone in Focus

Indigenous knowledge is a wisdom born in the community by the community. These knowledge and wisdom play a remarkable role in socio economic development of a certain country. Pottery making is an indigenous knowledge in which made by forming a clay body into objects of a required shape and heating them to high temperatures in a kiln which removes all the water from the clay , which induces reactions that lead to permanent changes including increasing their strength and hardening and setting their shape. There may be occasions when potteries no longer have any use due to plastic and related object replacement among the many possible reasons, at least in everyday’s use. This may result in the extinction (distinction) of the pottery. Furthermore some indigenous knowledge dies away with some potteries in the community. Therefore, this research will be a good beginning for the pottery making as economic empowerment among Macca Oromo, Ethiopia. The study area, west Shoa Zone; Tokkee Kuttayee, Iluu Galaan and Bakkoo Tibbee districts. For difficult to cover the whole Zone, the researchers were selected two villages from each district as study site in the region. Basically this research was created a baseline for researchers those interested on Oromo indigenous knowledge in general and Macca Oromo pottery making in particular. To mention some of the specific objectives: To revitalize the wisdom of pottery making among Macca Oromo, to indicate the role of IK for economic empowerment, and to indicate how artisan transfer their knowledge for the next generation. The major data collection instrument was questionnaire, focus group discussion, observation and interview. For such quanqualitative research, Systematic observation was assisted the researchers to master the scenario. To mention some of the findings, being asked whether they prefer pottery than modern iron products. 50 (24.9%) informants strongly agree, 71(35.3%) informants responded that agree and the rest 79 (39.3%) informants strongly disagree. There is statistical relationship between prefer pottery than modern iron products and use of equipments made from pottery at home (p-0.04). In addition, whether potteries are accessable from the market. Accordingly, 121 (60.2%) informants are strongly agree that potteires are easily accessable from market and the rest 79 (39.3%) responded strongly disagree that pottery products are not accessable from the market. As the table reveals, there is statistical relationship between accessibilities pottery and use of equipments made from pottery at home (p-0.03). The study proved that, among to Macca Oromo pottery making has three phases: Preparatory phase, Actual phase and Post phase. Pottery making is the indigenous knowledge practiced for a longer period of time among Macca Oromo. The main purpose of is to facilitate in the discovery of relevant information, more often classified as resource discovery. Metadata also help us to organize electronic resources, provide digital identification, and helps support archiving and preservation of the resource. Metadata summarizes basic information about data, which can make finding and working with particular instances of data easier. For this study the researchers were planned to use both structural metadata and descriptive metadata. Structural metadata is data about the containers of data. Descriptive metadata uses us instances of application data or the data content.

resource management and other activities. IK is embedded in community practices, institutions, relationships and rituals. Indigenous knowledge provides the basis for problem-solving strategies for local communities, especially the poor. It represents an important component of global knowledge on development issues. IK is an underutilized resource in the development process.
According to the 1998/99 World Development Report, knowledge, not capital, is the key to sustainable social and economic development. Building on local knowledge, the basic component of any country's knowledge system, is the first step to mobilize such capital. Recent World Bank client feed-back surveys provide additional insights regarding the importance of knowledge of local institutions and practices. Indigenous knowledge is an important part of the lives of the poor. It is a integral part of the local ecosystem. IK is a key element of the "social capital" of the poor; their main asset to invest in the struggle for survival, to produce food, to provide for shelter or to achieve control of their own lives.
Pottery is made by forming a clay body into objects of a required shape and heating them to high temperatures in a kiln which removes all the water from the clay , which induces reactions that lead to permanent changes including increasing their strength and hardening and setting their shape. A clay body can be decorated before or after firing. Prior to some shaping processes, clay must be prepared. Kneading helps to ensure an even moisture content throughout the body. Air trapped within the clay body needs to be removed. This is called de-airing and can be accomplished by a machine called a vacuum pug or manually by wedging. Wedging can also help produce an even moisture content. Once a clay body has been kneaded and de-aired or wedged, it is shaped by a variety of techniques. After shaping it is dried and then fired. Pottery is the ceramic material which makes up pottery wares, of which major types include earthenware, stonewar and porcelain. The place where such wares are made is also called a pottery (plural "potteries"). Pottery also refers to the art or craft of a potter or the manufacture of pottery. Bula Sirika (2008) There may be occasions when potteries no longer have any use due to plastic and related object replacement among the many possible reasons, at least in everyday's use. This may result in the extinction (distinction) of the pottery. Furthermore some indigenous knowledge dies away with some potteries in the community. Therefore, this research will be a good beginning for the pottery making as economic empowerment among Macca Oromo, Ethiopia. The study area, west Shoa Zone; Tokkee Kuttayee, Iluu Galaan and Bakkoo Tibbee districts. For difficult to cover the whole Zone, the researchers were selected two villages from each district as study site in the region. The study sites will select based on: the prevalence of widespread handicraft works. Now days, the "globalization" and "modernization" are affecting the indigenous knowledge of the local community in general and artisan in particular.
An archive is an accumulation of historical records or the physical place they are located. Archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated over the course of an individual or organization's lifetime, and are kept to show the function of that person or organization. Professional archivist and historians generally understand archives to be records that have been naturally and necessarily generated as a product of regular legal, commercial, administrative or social activities. They have been metaphorically defined as "the secretions of an organism" and are distinguished from documents that have been consciously written or created to communicate a particular message to posterity. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive Diverse-diverse in situation, in participants, 2.

Conceptual Framework
Large-more than ever before, the technology is therefore to be arbitrary large.
Transparent-they would be properly annotated, 5.
Perceivable-Ethical and portable proper Meta data information should be given about each item of data. It should be archived and handled, 6.
Ethical-data ownership should be protected.

Statement of the problems
Basically this research was created a baseline for researchers those interested on Oromo indigenous knowledge in general and Macca Oromo pottery making in particular. Because pottery making touched as passing remark in different studies. Except Bula Sirika 2008 work entitle with socio-economic status of Handicraft Women among Macca Oromo of west Wallaga, Southwest Ethiopia. He stated that artisan women, who belong to social class known as ogeyyii, meaning expert, play a vital role in socio-economic life of West Wallaga. Moreover, he mentioned that women are producers of implements/utensils which the broad base of the society is putting to use in its day-to-day indoor and outdoor chores.
In the course of the study, the researchers try to answer the following research questions: 1. Why pottery making become in verge extinction? 2. How pottery making play a remarkable role in economic empowerment? 3. What are the social, cultural, psychological, and economical significance of these indigenous knowledge for a target community? 4. How can we preserve the authenticity of Indiginious knowledge of Macca Oromo in light of contemporary ethnographic contamination?

4.Research Objectives 4.1. General objective of the Study
The general objective of this is that to archive indigenous knowledge of Macca Oromo in general and pottery making in particular.

Specific Objectives of the Study
The specific objectives of the study are as follow:  To revitalize the wisdom of pottery making among Macca Oromo.
 To indicate the role of IK for economic empowerment.
 To indicate how artisan transfer their knowledge for the next generation.

5.Research Methods and Design 5.1 The Study Area
According to the information from zone Agriculture office, West Shoa is one of the zones of the Oromia region in Ethiopia , this Zone has a total population of 2,058,676, of whom 1,028,501 are men and 1,030,175 women; with an area of 14,788.78 square kilometers, West Shoa has a population density of 139.21. While 242,352 or 6.10% are urban inhabitants, a further 53 individuals are pastoralists. A total of 428,689 households were counted in this Zone, which results in an average of 4.80 persons to a household, and 415,013 housing units. The two largest ethnic groups reported in West Shoa were the Oromo (93.82%) and the Amhara (5.15%); all other ethnic groups made up 1.03% of the population. Afan Oromo was spoken as a first language by 93.99% and 5.47% spoke Amharic; the remaining 0.54% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants professed Ethiopia Orthodox Christianity, with 53.84% of the population having reported they practiced that belief, while 32.93% of the population professed Protestantism, 3.38% of the populations are followers of Muslim and 9.85% of the population said they held traditional beliefs.

The Study Subject
As mentioned above the subjects of the study is West Shoa Zone Ilu Galan, Bako Tibbe and Tokke Kuttaye districs for it is difficult to cover the whole zone, the researchers were selected two villages from each districts. The study sites was selected based on: the prevalence of widespread of handicraft works in the area in which pottery makers playing vital role, the fact that currently the technologies owned by them are under great challenges that in turn are affecting artisan socio-economy and the rising need to identify the major bottlenecks hindering progress of the local technologies. The numbers of the study population is supposed to exceed a million. But the sample population is about only 30 key informants from each villages.

Techniques of Sampling
For this study the researchers were stick to purposive sampling technique. This technique is preferred for the researchers believe that since the subject of the research is local pottery makers. Purposive sampling will help the researchers to extract more information from local pottery makers and knowledgeable individuals purposively. In addition, random sampling is also used to extract information from the subjects.

The Data Collection Tool
The major data collection instrument was questionnaire, focus group discussion, observation and interview. For such qualitative research, Systematic observation was assisted the researchers to master the scenario. In addition, it helps them to know how potters make pottery, the row material used, the type of soil they used and in case if there is ingredients they add. Interview was also help the researchers the process and phases of pottery making. The researchers believed that FGD was helped to crosscheck the data and to get more information regarding their life.

Procedures of Data Collection
The informants were consulted about their convenient time to be interviewed and for discussion. Then the right time and place was arranged with the informant. The prepared interview questions were presented to the selected informants (potters and non-potters). The entire response of the pottery makers will record digitally by using photo camera and audio recorder while interviewing, observing and FGD.

Metadata
Metadata is data about data. The main purpose of metadata is to facilitate in the discovery of relevant information, more often classified as resource discovery. Metadata also help us to organize electronic resources, provide digital identification, and helps support archiving and preservation of the resource. Metadata summarizes basic information about data, which can make finding and working with particular instances of data easier. For this study the researchers were planned to use both structural metadata and descriptive metadata. Structural metadata is data about the containers of data. Descriptive metadata uses us instances of application data or the data content.

Ethical Consideration
In this research we were considered the ethical aspect of the project. Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents: The investigators must ensure that the subject has received a full disclosure of the nature of the study, the risks, benefits and alternatives, with an extended opportunity to ask questions. Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms: The investigators should give forethought to the maximization of benefits and the reduction of risk that might occur from the research. Fairness in distribution: Justice occurs when some benefit to which a person is entitled is denied without good reason or when some burden is imposed unduly, equitable selection of participants. Informed consent, Fairness in distribution, Research misconduct, Authorship and Conflicts of interest. Accordingly, our informants are not showed their interest to take their picture while dough of the clay was prepared to make pottery.

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 6.1 Introduction
This part presents the analysis of responses from questionnaires. The data obtained through the questionnaires were presented in tables and their analyses were given below each table while the results of interviews were transcribed and presented thematically in the paragraphs.

Perception of households
This section portrays households' response to cultural, socio-economic background and usage of pottery in the study area. All the data obtained through questionnaire from the households are also presented and analysed below: informants resonded that their income is above 4001ETB monthly. As the table shows, there is statistical relationship between use of equipments made from pottery at home and their income (p-0.021).
Moreover, the education level 71 (35.3%) of informants are first degree. Further more, the education level of 79 (39.3%) informants are second degree and the rest 50 (24.9%) responded that other. As the table reveals, there is statistical relationship between educational background and use of equipments made from pottery at home (p-0.044).
Besides, being asked whether they prefer pottery than modern iron products. 50 (24.9%) informants strongly agree, 71(35.3%) informants responded that agree and the rest 79 (39.3%) informants strongly disagree. There is statistical relationship between prefer pottery than modern iron products and use of equipments made from pottery at home (p-0.04).
In addition, whether potteries are accessable from the market. Accordingly, 121 (60.2%) informants are strongly agree that potteires are easily accessable from market and the rest 79 (39.3%) responded strongly disagree Journal of Culture, Society and Development www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8400 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.52, 2019 34 that pottery products are not accessable from the market. As the table reveals, there is statistical relationship between accessibilities pottery and use of equipments made from pottery at home (p-0.03).
Further more, out of 200 informants, 71 (35.5%) responded strongly agree that they use equipments made from potteries at home, 78 (38.8%) responded agree, and the rest 51 (25.4%) responded that strongly disagree that they doesn't use equipments made from potteries at home. As the table reveals, there is no statistical relationship between use of equipments made from pottery at home and Durability of Pottery (p-0.07).
Moreover, regarding the price of pottery 122 (60.7%) informants are responded strongly agree that the cost of very chaep and the rest 70 (34.8%) responded that strongly disagree that the price of pottery products are cheap. As the table shows, there is no statistical relationship between use of equipments made from pottery at home and costs of pottery (p-0.06).
Besides, being asked whether there is or there are equipments made from pottery at home. 78 (38.8%) responded agree, 2 (1.0%) responded not-decided, 70 (34.8%) responded disagree and the rest 50 (24.9%) responded that strongly disagree. As the table reveals, there is no statistical relationship between use of equipments made from pottery at home and Equipment made from Pottery (p-0.051).
In addition, being asked whether living style can affect usage of cultural equipments like pottery at home. 121 responded that agree, the rest 79 (39.3%) responded that not decided whether living style can affect usage of cultural equipments like pottery at home. As the table shows, there is statistical relationship between use of equipments made from pottery at home and living style (p-0.041).
Finaly, being asked whether pottery is considered as a part of culture out of 200 informants 96 (47.8%) responded that strongly disagree, 26 (12.9%) responded that agree, 78 (38.8%) responded that not-decided whether pottery is considered as a part of culture. As the table shows, there is no statistical relationship between use of equipments made from pottery at home and Pottery as part of Culture (p-0.054).
neccessary equipment and row materials used to make pottery.
More explicitly, potters start their work by preparing open and free area to perform wisdom in their village. Then, they go for digging clay soil. The availability of clay soil is different from palce to place. For instance, around shoboka 1 /ʃoboka/ clay soil is easily accessable without any payment. A palce where clay soil dug is known as lafa borki /läfä bok'i/ literaly mean a land which is not used for plaughing. Whereas, around kibaa 2 /k'iba:/ accessable but it is expected from potters to pay limmited amount of money annualy. After that they dug for the clay soil, potters usually take home, spread out in sun and make ready for knead. Potters spread out the clay soil in sun for at least for three days. This has the following advantages: To increase the strenth of the pottery, To mixed togather the clay soil with water and To knead easily. The next phase is a phase when the main activities of a pottery making is performed. This phase contains from knead the clay soil to beautify and make ready for the market. In this phase potters mixed togather the clay soil with water and knead. According to the informants, it is recommended if men knead for the clay soil. This has multiple advantage. In the first glance the clay soil easily mixed up with the water. This has its own advantage in the strengthning the final product of the pottery. Before embark to knead potters add small amount of yeast to clay soil and water. Yeast in this case is a leaven dough from the last dough mixture. After that potters start to mixed with water and kneaded the clay soil. Usually potters kept the kneaded clay siol for two consiquative days. Then potters mix the dough of with water for the last time and start making any king of clay product from the prepared clay dough.
The last phase is post pottery making phase. This phase contains from beautify to present the final product for market. In this phase potters stiffened to strengthen the pottery. It is fired at low temperatures so that the next generation will able to use their cultural equipments and to produce very functional and durable pottery. In addition, they scrach to beautify the final product using pieces of broken glasses. At this stage pottery product is ready for celling. Finally, the final product of pottery will present for market.
Pottery making is not overnightwork. As stated above based on the finding of this study, three major phases are identified. Under this phases there are major activities to be done by potters. The following figure manifest that the major activities done by potters to make pottery.
The above figure reveals the process in which pottery is produced. The above figure, shows community or potters are initial step for pottery making. In the process of pottery making, potters ought to dig for the clay soil first, grind and make dry the clay soil and prepared dough by adding yeast and water to the clay soil are categorized under the preparatory phase. In addition, make pottery is categorized under the actual phase of pottery preparation. Besides, stiffened or dry and beautify the pottery product, and present for the market are categorized under post pottery making phase.

Conclusion
Pottery making is the indigenous knowledge practiced for a longer period of time among Macca Oromo. Currently, in the study area pottery making become in verge of extniction. In addition, according to the informants the name Journal of Culture, Society and Development www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8400 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.52, 2019 given to potters are suphee dhooftuu [sup'e ɗoftu:].
The main participant of this indigenous knowledge is women. According to the informants, women are the main actors of pottery making among Maccaa Oromo. For women, pottery making considered as a means to increase their income. In addition, women used pottery making to support their family.
According to the informants earthenware is used by the Macca Oromo when they cook. Potters, who are predominantly women, make cooking vessels using locally available clay and then distribute the completed products throughout the area.
The raw clay arrives from the quarry and crushed manually, the crushed clay is then deposit into a blunger where yeast and water are added, then the clay slurry is ready, and finally potters start making pottery.