Diversity, Distribution and Relative Abundance of Avian Fauna of Nansebo Forest, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia

Birds are one of the components of biodiversity. Avian community studies are effective tools for monitoring a forest ecosystem. The status of birds in the present study areas is very little known. Therefore, the objective of the study was to assess species composition and relative abundance of birds at Nansebo forest in southern Ethiopia. To this end, a stratified random sampling technique was employed. Accordingly, to collect data for the study, the whole habitat of the study area was divided into dominant vegetation types. Accordingly, Moist Afromontane forest and modified habitat were identified in Nansebo forest. A line transects count aided by binocular was employed to investigate avian species diversity and relative abundance. Accordingly, 20 transect lines of 1km with a width of 0.25km or less was used to cover 27.75% of the area in Nansebo forest. Quantitative Biodiversity indices such as H’,E ,γ and α to measure species richness were used to calculate the bird species diversity and two wayANOVA was used to test for significant variation in species richness and abundance per season among habitats. A total of 105 bird species consisting of 1endemic, 8 near endemics, 1 globally threatened and 9 Palearctic migrants were recorded in Nansebo forest. Species richness and abundance varied between the three habitats in Nansebo forest. There was significant difference in species richness among habitats in Nansebo forest (F1, 18=94.657 P=0.000) at 0.001 significance level. In Nansebo forest the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’ = 4.17) was recorded from the modified habitat. It can be concluded that the area has high species diversity including endemics and endangered species. It can also be good potential for bird watching tourism that can integrate economic gain with biodiversity conservation. Hence, urgent conservation measures and further detail research is recommended to conserve the bird species. Keywords/Phrases: Avian species, Habitat types, Species richness, Species similarity DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/9-5-04 Publication date:March 31 2019 Introduction Ethiopia has rich biodiversity resources of which 926 bird species comprising of 24 endemics (EBI, 2015 and Weldemariam Tesfahunegny, 2016). Birds are one of the most important components of biodiversity with ecological, economic and esthetic values. Birds are known as efficient and cost-effective insect pest controllers, Fruit-eating birds help in seed dispersal and seeds may grow everywhere in the fall of droppings and certain birds like hummingbirds and sunbirds also used for flower pollination that produce nectar. They are also the source of considerable fascination and folklore and have been used as symbols (Clout and Hay, 1989). The distribution and abundance of many bird species are determined by the composition of the vegetation or habitat (Lee and Rotenberry, 2005). Climate influences habitats and movements of resident and migratory birds that are characteristic of particular habitats or biomes (Metzger et al., 2009). Studies from different parts of the world focused on characterizing the bird’s species composition and abundance on specific regions of the country (eg. Study by Girma and Afework, 2008). There are a few isolated reports of bird species diversity outside of protected areas in Ethiopia (Aerts et al., 2008), although there is better documentation of birds in protected areas (EWNHS, 1996). Comprehensive baseline information is lacking even for several of the endemic bird species. The status of birds in the present study areas is very little known. As a result, the present study is aimed to investigate species diversity and relative abundance of birds in nansebo forest and contribute to the conservation of the species in the area. Materials and Methods Study area The study was conducted in Nansebo forest that found in Nansebo District in west Arsi Zone of Oromiya Regional state of Ethiopia (Fig.1). Nansebo district is located between 610′ 640′ N and 390′ 3940′ E (Fig.1). It is located 407 km far from Addis Ababa and 134.5 km away from Shashemene, the capital city of the zone. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) DOI: 10.7176/JBAH


Introduction
Ethiopia has rich biodiversity resources of which 926 bird species comprising of 24 endemics (EBI, 2015 andWeldemariam Tesfahunegny, 2016). Birds are one of the most important components of biodiversity with ecological, economic and esthetic values. Birds are known as efficient and cost-effective insect pest controllers, Fruit-eating birds help in seed dispersal and seeds may grow everywhere in the fall of droppings and certain birds like hummingbirds and sunbirds also used for flower pollination that produce nectar. They are also the source of considerable fascination and folklore and have been used as symbols (Clout and Hay, 1989).
The distribution and abundance of many bird species are determined by the composition of the vegetation or habitat (Lee and Rotenberry, 2005). Climate influences habitats and movements of resident and migratory birds that are characteristic of particular habitats or biomes (Metzger et al., 2009). Studies from different parts of the world focused on characterizing the bird's species composition and abundance on specific regions of the country (eg. Study by Girma and Afework, 2008). There are a few isolated reports of bird species diversity outside of protected areas in Ethiopia (Aerts et al., 2008), although there is better documentation of birds in protected areas (EWNHS, 1996). Comprehensive baseline information is lacking even for several of the endemic bird species. The status of birds in the present study areas is very little known. As a result, the present study is aimed to investigate species diversity and relative abundance of birds in nansebo forest and contribute to the conservation of the species in the area.

Materials and Methods Study area
The study was conducted in Nansebo forest that found in Nansebo District in west Arsi Zone of Oromiya Regional state of Ethiopia (Fig.1). Nansebo district is located between 610′ -640′ N and 390′ -3940′ E (Fig.1). It is located 407 km far from Addis Ababa and 134.5 km away from Shashemene, the capital city of the zone.

Figure 1: Location Map of Study Area
Nansebo district is characterized by mountainous landscape having an altitude ranges from 1500 m a.s.l to 3700 m a.s.l. The district exhibit bimodal rainfall pattern, with the annual rainfall ranges between 900 to 1100 mm with a temperature that varies between a minimum of 15 C o and a maximum 22 C o (NWAO, 2012).

Stratification of the study area and sampling design
For this study, Nansebo forest was stratified into two habitat types; modified habitat at the lower and Moist Afromontane forest at the higher altitude following vegetation type and altitudinal gradient. In Nansebo forest, modified habitat represents areas with altitudes occurs from 1882-2153m a.s.l. Moist Afromontane forest represents altitude areas between 2186-2392m a.s.l, with dominant stands of the indigenous tree species such as Croton macrostachys, Strychnos spinosa, Clematis longicauda, Prunus africana and Millettia ferruginea. The Moist Afromontane forest was relatively intact and undisturbed compared with modified habitat.
Based on the reconnaissance survey, sampling transects was systematically generated in a geographic information system (GIS) using ArcGIS software v. 10.1 (ESRI, 2012) in the Nansebo forest. Line transect method was used since the study area is accessible and species can be detected along transect line. With line transect method it is possible to cover large areas and can generate more species richness efficiently (Bibby et al., 1992). Therefore, this method is very important since comprehensive baseline information and status of bird species in Nansebo forest is lacking.
The total area of Nansebo forest was 11,350 ha. Of these 27.75% (3150 ha) of the area was sampled in Nansebo forest. A stratified random sampling technique was employed in which transect placement was proportional to the area of the habitat types and represents each of the habitat types (Bibby et al., 1998, Shimelis and. Accordingly, a total 20 transect lines , of which six transects in modified habitat while the rest fifteen (15) transects were used in Moist Afromontane forest to estimate the species diversity and relative abundance of birds in Nansebo forest (Fig. 2).
The distance between two adjacent transects was 1 km and the length of each transect line was 1km with a width of 0.25km or less in Nansebo forest. To avoid edge effect, transect lines were spaced 500m from the roadside (edge of the forest).

Data collection and analysis
Data collection was carried out on foot walking along transect lines. Bird identifications and counting of individuals conducted by direct observations aided with naked eye and binoculars (10x50). Sound records and photography were also taken for further confirmation by using Digital Camera. Location and distance of the observed birds was determined and recorded along transect lines using Geographic positioning system (GPS). Each day of survey, arrive at the starting point approximately 20 minutes before sunrise so that counting can begin at sunrise to minimize the effect of time and weather conditions on bird detectability.
Birds were counted when they were active in the mornings from 06:30-10:00 h and in the afternoon from 15:30-18.00 h (Bibby et al., 1992;Centerbury et al., 2000). Unfavorable weather (strong wind or rain) was also being considered. A bird flying over the area was observed and recorded on data gathering worksheets to identify for species richness. For identification of species, plumage pattern, size, shape, color, songs and calls were considered as important parameters (Afework and Shimelis, 2009). Songs and calls were also used for identifying nocturnal species.
Avian diversity of each habitat analyzed using Shannon-Wiener diversity Index (H') (Shannon and Wiener, 1949). Quantitative indices to measure species richness was used as α-diversity which is the average species richness per transect within a given habitat and γ-diversity as the habitat level richness (Schmitt et al., 2010).
Percent relative abundance was calculated using formula (%) = n/N × 100 where, n is the number of individuals of particular species recorded and N is the total number of individuals of the species. Data obtained during the survey was analyzed by using two-way ANOVA to analyze the effect of season and habitat on bird species richness and abundance.

Diversity
In Nansebo forest variation in the number of bird species was observed among the habitats and between seasons in the same habitat. The highest mean number of species per transect was recorded from modified habitat during wet (10.8±3.21) and dry (8.6±2.25) seasons (Table 1). The Moist Afromontane forest accounts mean species richness (5.5±2.47) during wet season and (5.2±1.02) during dry season in Nansebo forest (Table 1). The evidence from the present study shows variations were also observed in species diversity among the different habitat types during the wet and dry seasons in Nansebo forest. The highest avian diversity was recorded from modified habitat during dry (H'= 4.17) and wet (H'= 3.99) seasons (Table 1).
The Modified habitat had the evenness of bird species recorded during dry season (E=0.957 and wet (E=0.910) ( Table 1). Bird mean species abundance per transect In Nansebo forest in terms of habitat types, variation in the number of bird species was observed among the habitats. The highest number of average species richness (4.70 ±1.647) and individuals (32±4.103) was recorded from modified habitat followed by Moist Afromontane forest in average species richness (3.95 ±4.128) and individuals (25±7.535) in Nansebo forest. There was significant difference in mean species richness among habitats (F 1, 18=94.657 P= 0.000), and insignificant in species abundance (F1, 18=0.853 P=0.368) at 0.05 significance level in Nansebo forest (Appendix 2).
The highest bird diversity (H'=4.131) was also recorded from modified habitat. The highest even distribution (E=0.956) was observed in Moist Afromontane forest (Table 2).

Species Accumulation Curve
The species accumulation curve of bird species of Nansebo forest flattened before the total numbers of samples considered were exhausted. The following species accumulation curve showing that sufficient numbers of samples were considered to determine bird species diversity of each habitat (
Among the recorded bird species, 96 species were resident whereas 9 were Palearctic migrants' species (Table  3).
In Nansebo forest the highest number of bird species was recorded from the family Sylviidae (10 species) followed by Accipitridae (8 species), Columbidae (7 species) and Cisticolidae (6 species) ( Table 3). Based on the percent relative abundance computation, Abyssinian oriole (Oriolus monacha) (6.92%) was the most abundant bird species when all habitat types considered together in Nansebo forest (3).

DISCUSSION Diversity
In Nansebo forest the modified habitat had the most diversified avian species and most evenness as compared to the other habitat types. This variation could be due to variation in habitat heterogeneity. The more heterogeneous vegetation and vegetation strata in the modified habitat compared to the other habitat types could have provided several niches for birds making the modified habitat with high diversity of birds. The importance of the availability of different vegetation strata for different bird species is also supported by other studies. For example, Cueto and Casenava (1999) reported positive correlation between bird species richness and the availability of vegetation strata. Similarly, Erdelen (1984) indicated significant correlation between bird species diversity and vegetation structure. The highest number of species recorded from modified habitat during wet and dry seasons. The outcome of this result coincides with the report of Karr (1976); where structurally complex vegetation buffers the influence of seasonality and there is a great stability in resource availability, which allows species to occur as residents throughout the year. Species richness of different feeding guilds might respond differently to changes in vegetation structure and complexity across tropical ecosystems (Oliveira-Filho et al., 2013). During the wet season, flowering plants were flourishing and as a result, food was plentiful for birds in almost all the habitats. However, during the dry season, the deciduous trees defoliate and in the absence of food, many species of birds were restricted to specific habitat where sufficient resource was available.
The variations in species composition recorded during the wet and dry seasons among habitats were significantly different. This is also reported by Aynalem Shimelis and Afework (2008) who showed the important effect of season or the role of climate in affecting the diversity of birds of a particular habitat. According to Karr (1976), the distinct seasonality of rainfall and seasonal variation in the abundance of food resources result in seasonal changes in the abundance of birds.

Relative Abundance
The relative abundance of bird species during seasons might also be related to the availability of food, habitat condition and breeding season of the species. Therefore, species distribution and abundance can be influenced by seasonal variation. Many factors could account for this. For example, Karr (1976) related the seasonality in the number of bird species with the availability of resources such as food and vegetation strata and found that the number of bird species varied seasonally with peaks in the late dry and early wet seasons.
In Nansebo forest, Abyssinian oriole (Oriolus monacha) had the highest percent relative abundance in Moist Afromontane forest. This was due to the favorable environment of the habitat that supported the species in different ways. Since, Oriolus monacha is a forest specialist species, it could be confined to the natural forest habitat types unlike many other species recorded from the area that tend to concentrate in heterogeneous human modified habitat ignoring the homogenous natural forest. Similar observation has been made in a study carried out in Tanzania, where by forest specialists were only confined to the homogenous forest ignoring the heterogeneous human modified habitat types.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The Nansebo forest had high bird species diversity including endemic and endangered species revealing the importance of the sites for bird conservation. Therefore, it can serve as good potential for bird watching tourism that can integrate economic gain with biodiversity conservation.
The number of individual species of both study areas shows seasonal variation. This seasonal variation is due to the cumulative effect of both biotic and a biotic factors. The distribution of avian species is also closely related to type of the habitat, which is influenced by environmental factors such as rainfall, altitude, slope, and temperature. The data collected provide valuable information on the ecology of birds and their significance for the environment. Conserving the habitats as well as the species has great biological and social values. Therefore, to maintain the habitat and the avifauna species, the following recommendations are forwarded:  Conservation work through community participation should be properly developed and practiced.  As abundance and distribution of the bird species is determined by abundance and distribution of vegetation, equal conservation priority should be given to the bird habitats.  Further study especially on smaller and cryptic bird species needs to be conducted to provide more information on the diversity of birds in the area.  Additional detailed studies on bird species together with the other ecological aspects of the birds should be conducted.