The Impact of Arab Spring on Tourism Sector in Jordan

This study aims the Arab Spring impact  on the Jordanian tourism.  Also, its community is a total of 160 tourist and travel offices of class A in Amman. Therefore, the researcher was distributed questionnaire to each office, which is contacted 37 of them and 26 of these offices responded. Thus, the data were analyzed based on descriptive statistics such as averages, standard deviations and analytical statistics, such as the simple linear regression test(Alhroot, 2018).The results of the study showed that there is a significant effect of the Arab Spring on the tourism sector of Jordan  like: its movement, income and hotel work. But no impact of the Arab Spring on the number of workers, which is largely consistent with the statistical reports published by the Ministry of the Jordanian arena (Badado,2016).Nevertheless, this study can apply on other sectors that conducting further studies related to the Arab Spring and its impact on social, economic and political indicators at all levels. Consequently, there is more results that would raise the level of readiness for such conditions(Kramer, 2019). Keywords : Arab spring, tourism, descriptive statistics, travel agency, Jordan DOI : 10.7176/EJBM/11-26-01 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

Mohammed Bouazizi himself and then moved from one country to another and these revolutions continue until this moment.

Limitations and Determinants of the Study 3.3.1. First: Limits of the study, which include * Objective boundaries
The subject of the study was limited to the events of the Arab Spring and its impact on the tourism sector in Jordan.

* Spatial boundaries
The study was limited to the category A travel companies located in Amman.

* Temporal Limits
This study was limited to the bookings at class A travel and tourism offices in Amman. * As a result, the unexpected political situation in the neighborhood countries was resulted in negative outcomes that limited the outputs of these achievements. 3.3.2. Second: Determinants of the Study, which are * The absence of studies on the topics of the Arab Spring and its impact on tourism in Jordan was one of the motivations that the researcher made searching this trend. * Time and effort factors: Field survey was conducted individually. Also, some members of the study sample and their desire to take sufficient time in filling the questionnaire, which affected the progress of work in some stages of the study. * The lack of cooperation of some travel and tourism companies in absolute and not clarify from the beginning, which took time and effort of additional researcher.

Previous Studies 4.1. First:
The researcher has identified the most important Arab studies related to the importance and specificity of the following: A. The impact of the economic crisis in achieving the idea of inter-tourism is one of the most important obstacles to inter-tourism which limit the chances of benefiting from its revenues. The fact that this tourism is an international and regional cooperation between a group of countries and their contact through tourism to consolidate the mutual relations between them (Al-Ghamdi, 2010). The political factor is one of the dimensions of the main axes that have prevented the Middle East from appearing in a manner appropriate to its capabilities and potential on the global tourism map. This is also the most influential factor on the tourism sector in the Arab region, which is always exposed to political circumstances, especially the ongoing attacks on the Palestinian people and its holy lands. As well as what is happening in Iraq and Syria, the land of civilizations and cultural monuments, which deprived the region of all kinds of tourism, especially the distant tourism, where it decreased by 80% in the Arab and Islamic countries (Mustafa, 2012). B. The weakness of the infrastructure of the tourism sector: Therefore, the infrastructure of water and sanitation, roads and transport of all types of land, sea and air is a key element in the revitalization of tourism. Statistics and figures show that the Arab world needs more than $ 300 billion over the next 10 years to boost infrastructure. C. The level of Arab citizens is very weak economic capacity when spread of poverty and low per capita GDP (at current prices). Also, the estimated percentage of the population whose average daily income is one dollar 22% of the population of the Arab world by 62 million people and 52% of the population of the Arab world by 145 million people whose income is between $ 2-5. D. There is a lack in marketing of the Arab tourism product that is the only export activity of tourism products. It also plays a major role in the disposal of tourism wealth and resale for more than once (Tamenh, 2001). But many Arab countries still market their tourism product in the form of competition rather than integration, despite the similarity of this product in many Arab countries. E. Tourism and security are considered to be twines. If there is a disturbance in security and safety in any area, this means that it is destabilizing (Al-Nader,2004). Also, some countries that produce tourism are subject to terrorism in its various forms with unclear objectives. But the first to be negatively affected is the tourism sector, especially in the Arab world. Because the theater of terrorism has been built in this part of the world, whether it was deliberately from some of the key players or through reactions that appear as organizations based on multimilestone events. F. According to the study that dealt with the economic effects of international terrorism with a focus on the events of 9/11 (Parkinson & Hayden,2015).Thus, studies have shown that tourism in Saudi Arabia has not been affected by terrorist incidents, but at the global level. Also, the number of workers in the tourism sector has reduced and the number of tourists worldwide decreased by 1.3% in the world 2001 from the world 2000.
affecting the decisions of tourists through crises. B. Investigating whether the risks are preventing tourists from traveling to foreign countries. C. Determining the impact of terrorism and the impact of diseases such as SARS and avian influenza in the tourism sector.
Moreover, this study aims at the impact of terrorism on tourism in developing and developed countries (Thompson, 2008). Therefore, this study is conducted on 60 countries, found that developing countries are the hardest hit by terrorism. In view of previous studies, it was found that Arab and foreign studies did not address the relationship between the events of the Arab Spring and the tourism sector in any of the different fields.

Methodology of the Study
According to the nature of the events that this study is to link to, which is to reveal the impact of the Arab Spring on the tourism in Jordan by travel companies in Amman.

The Sample of the Study
So that one questionnaire for analysis was distributed to each of these travel companies of class A in Amman. Although the subject is considered to be one of the pioneer subjects in tourism industry. Also, the most important thing that distinguishes this study from other studies is that this study focused on a subject of very modernity and importance that researchers should stand up to learn how to face its negative effects on the economy and on the tourism sector in particular.
Therefore, this study community is composed of all the staff members of the (160) travel and tourism companies working in Amman of class A (Al-Azmi, 2006). Also, these companies depend upon the report of the Ministry of Tourism in granting of their tourist license. Thus, the descriptive approach for the society sample was used in determining the impact of the Arab Spring on the reality of tourism in Jordan by responding the questions of this study. Consequently, by testing the description and analysis of the hypothesis of data for arriving at the final conclusions of this study. As a result, Table (1) shows that the number of questionnaires distributed and retrieved was 37 of the sample study carried out by these companies, 26 of whom responded to these questionnaires by 70%. Moreover, institutions and organizations have been used as a potential sample of 26%. This means that the potential sample ratio reached 16.25% as a good proportion in the analysis.

The Variables of the Study
The study consisted mainly of two variables: independent , which is named Arab Spring, and the other one is called dependent that related to tourism in Jordan. Therefore, The two main variables in an experiment are the independent and dependent variable. The independent and dependent variables may be viewed in terms of cause and effect. If the independent variable is changed, then an outcome is seen in the dependent variable. Remember that in this case, the value of the Arab Spring as an independent variable is controlled by the experimenter, while the value of the tourism in Jordan as the dependent variable only changes in response to the Arab Spring. As a result, these variables were measured as follows:

Independent Variables:
The distribution of paragraphs of the questionnaire that measure the Arab Spring as an independent variable that was measured by the five-point Likert scale (5 strongly agree to 1 strongly disagree) as shown in table (2). Thus, it is defined as the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment. Also, it represents the cause or reason for an outcome that the experimenter changes to test their dependent variable (tourism in Jordan). As such, the tourist is interested in knowing what the various media are talking all about Jordan during his stay. Therefore, this is the important variable in measuring the tourism in Jordan. Table (2) The Independent Variable Measurement Number The Variables of the Study 1 The next tourist to Jordan is aware of the events of the Arab Spring 2 The tourist understands the dimensions of the events of the Arab Spring on the future of the region 3 The tourist believes that the political situation in Jordan is linked to the surrounding events 4 The places of political gathering in Jordan are impacted upon the importance of the long tourists stay 5 The level of satisfaction and feeling of leisure in Jordan has been affected since the beginning of the events of the Arab Spring 6 The tourist is interested in knowing what the various media are discussing about Jordan during his stay.

Dependent Variable:
The distribution of paragraphs of the questionnaire that measure the tourism in Jordan as an dependent variable. Therefore, it was gauged by the five-point Likert scale (5 strongly agree to 1 strongly disagree) as illustrated in table (3). Hence, the dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment. The dependent variable is 'dependent' on the independent variable. it is defined as the variable that is altered or controlled in a scientific experiment. Also, it represents the cause or reason for an outcome that the experimenter changes to test their dependent variable (tourism in Jordan). This means that events revolutions surrounding Jordan are a major reason to reduce the number of tourists from coming to it, which is tested the tourism in Jordan. Table (3

1-
The surrounding events about Jordan impact the decision of tourists to choose Jordan destination 2- The tourism planning period of Jordan has been affected since the events of the Arab Spring 3- The decline of the interest of tourists worldwide is to Jordan after the events of the Arab Spring 4-Events revolutions surrounding Jordan are a major reason to prevent tourists from coming to it.

5-
The number of tourist bookings has been affected since the events of the Arab Spring 6- The tourist groups that coming to Jordan has been affected the events of the Arab Spring

5.2.2.1.Tourism Income in Jordan:
The impact of Jordanian tourism income on the events of the Arab Spring was measured. It was measured by the five-point Likert scale (5 strongly agree to 1 strongly disagree), as shown in table (4). This means that this variable of from the tourism view, the political situation is the most impact on tourism income of Jordan . Table (4) The Impact of Jordan's Tourism Income Number The phrases of the Study 1-From the tourism view, the political situation is the most impact on Jordan tourism income 2- The cost of tourism in Jordan has been influenced by the events of the Arab Spring 3- The tourist spending level in Jordan has been impacted the events of the Arab Spring 4- The events of the Arab Spring affected the revenues of tourism and travel offices in Jordan 5-Events of the Arab Spring effected the income of workers in the tourism sector

Workers in the Tourism Sector:
The impact of tourism sector workers was measured the Arab Spring events. It was measured by the five-point Likert scale (5 strongly agree to 1 strongly disagree); as shown in Table 5. A reduction number of tourism employees in Jordan is caused by the Arab Spring events that is considered to be one of the so vitally variable in measuring the independent variables. This means that the independent variable of the Arab Spring is changed,  Vol.11, No.26, 2019 6 then an outcome is seen in the dependent variable of workers in the tourism sector. The ad hoc team working numbers with tourists coming to Jordan has been affected by Arab Spring the events 3-As a result of the Arab Spring events, the number of employees of tourist offices in Jordan has decreased 4-A reduction number of tourism employees in Jordan is caused by the Arab Spring events 5- The daily hours of work in tourism offices have been impacted since the Arab revolutions started 5.2.2.3. Hotel Occupancy Rate: The impact of hotel work was measured on the Arab Spring events by the scale of the five-year Likert (5 strongly agree to 1 strongly disagree) that shown in table (6). Consequently, (The daily hours in hotel occupancy rate have been impacted since the Arab revolutions on track ) plays a vital role in impacting on hotel occupancy rate as independent variable. Thus, this means that the impact of hotel work was measured on the Arab Spring events. The duration of the tourist's stay in Jordan has been affected since the Arab Spring events ongoing 2- The tourist focuses on the security level of the areas he plans to visit 3- The level of tourist satisfaction was influenced by the exclusion of neighboring areas from his visit, which is based on prevailing political conditions 4- The tourists have become increasingly keen to have a place of residence with a high degree of specialization of security, comfort and stability 5- The daily hours in hotel occupancy rate have been impacted since the Arab revolutions on track 6. The Results

The Analysis
This field study has a description of the characteristics of the selected study sample. It also addressed the description of the responses of the sample members of the study on the sections of the study tool and its variables. Also, it included testing the hypotheses that the study seeks to respond. Data analysis by descriptive statistics for the simple linear regression test utilized by the Social Statistics Group (SPSS). Accordingly, the questionnaire was used on a five-Likart scale consisting of independent and dependent variables (variables, hypotheses, questions, substitutions, or phrases) to derive the general estimate, standard deviation, average and rank of these variables. However, the independent variables are represented the Arab Spring events. But the dependent variables are tourism in Jordan that include: the tourism income, the workers in tourism sector, the move of tourism and the hotel occupancy rate.

Analysis of the Study Sample Characteristics:
Frequency and percentages were used to describe the personal and functional characteristics of the sample study. Therefore, that were covered the variables of the questionnaire as shown in Table (7). The responds of the study sample characteristics the variable of gender indicates that 61.5% of the sample members are male and 38.5% of the study sample are female as exposed in table (7). This result shows that most of the sample members are male. However, the percentage of women's participation in the tourism sector is still limited compared to the education or health sector, for example. Also, the social situation indicate that 57.6% of the study sample are married and 42.4% of the study sample are unmarried. Consequently, The data of age show that more than half of the respondents are thirty years of age or less (61.5%), while 34.6% of the respondents are aged between (40-31). Thus, the percentage of the sample aged between 50-41 years (3.84%). 100% This result reflects that more than (80%) of the sample of the study are those under the age of forty years of any youth. Moreover, the data in table (7) show that the largest percentage (76.9%) of the respondents had years of experience ranging between one and five years. While the percentage of those with years of experience between six years and ten years (15.9%). In addition, 7.6% of the respondents had years of experience of eleven years or more. This result is commensurate with the age of workers in the tourism sector. The results also show that this sector occupies a leading position in combining experience and modernity in ideas, which are considered new players in this sector for its benefits.

Analysis of the Variables
This section reviews the responses of the study sample members on the dimensions, elements and variables of the study represented in the Arab Spring as an independent variable. In addition, the Arab Spring impact on tourism in Jordan as follows:

Analysis of the Independent Variables the Arab Spring
The responds of the sample study is shown the independent variables of the Arab Spring in table 8. It is that (The tourist assures the dimensions impact on the Arab Spring events of the region future) was ranked no 1 with an average of (4.62) as explained in table (8).This means that the Arab Spring will be the crucial impact upon the future changes on Jordan tourism sector. Also, (The Arab Spring events is not known by the tourists until they came to the region) was ranked no. 10 with an average of 3.23. This will lead to promote the tourism sector by using the social media tools of latest technology before the tourists come to the region. hence, these effects are made positive by the following variables, which are: 1) The tourist cares about the different media ports around Jordan during his stay.
2) The good policies of Jordan tourism are the most effective solutions for attracting tourists.
3) The strategic action plan of tourism in Jordan is a must to be good in building a tourists trust for repeating their visits.

.2. Analysis of the Dependent Variables Tourism in Jordan
The responds of the sample study is shown the dependent variables of Jordan tourism in table 9. Also, it is that (Tourist traffic plays a vital rule in earning money to Jordan income) was ranked no 1 with an average of (4.09) as explained in table (9). This means that the tourism income in Jordan is one of the largest revenues that provide the treasury with hard currency. Moreover, (The Arab Spring events is known to the tourists by social media) ranked No. 10 with an average of 3.26. This will lead to promote the tourism sector by using the social media tools of latest technology. hence, these effects are made positive by the following variables, which are: 1) The hotel occupancy rate has been fluctuated by the Arab Spring events. 2) Tourist income is strongly impacted by the Arab Spring.
3) Number of Employees in the tourism offices has been affected by the events of the Arab Spring. 4) The tourist focuses on the security level of the areas he plans to visit.

10-
The level of leisure feeling in Jordan has been impacted by regional war 9 3.39 1.41 OK

The Study Hypotheses
These hypotheses have been formulated based on literature review that relevant to the subject in serving the objectives of the study. Thus, the present study examined two main hypotheses that were formulated as follows: 6.2.1.The first Hypothesis: (Ho1) There is no significant statistical impact of the Arab Spring on the tourism sector in Jordan from the perspective of tourist offices category (A) in Amman.  The results in Table (10) is clear that the coefficient of determination (R2) is equal to (0.370). This result proves that the Arab spring variable accounts for only 37% of the change in the dependent variable (tourism sector) (A = 1.218, significance level = 0.03, P = 11.74). Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis (Ha11). There is a significant numerical impact of the Arab Spring on the tourism sector in Jordan.   Table 10-2 are understandable that the coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.31. This result shows that the Arab spring variable accounts for only 31% of the change in the dependent variable. (A = 3.38, significance level = 0.02, P = 9.32). Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis (Ha12). There is a significant statistical impact of the Arab Spring on hotel work in Jordan from the point of view of tourist offices in category A in Amman. 6.2.1.3. The Analysis of Third Sub-Hypothesis: (Ho13): There is no significant statistical impact of the Arab Spring on the tourism movement in Jordan from the point of view of tourist offices category (A) in Amman. .37 Results of the simple regression test for the effects of the Arab Spring on the tourist movement are shown in table 10-3 that the R2 is 0.14. This result illustrates that the Arab Spring variable accounts for only 14% of the change in the dependent variable. Since the value of B = 0.37 (A = 1.80, significance level = 0.04, P = 9.32). Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis (Ha13). There is a significant statistical effect of the Arab Spring on the tourism movement in Jordan.

Conclusions
Regarding the impact of the events of the Arab Spring on the tourism sector and the indicators chosen by the researcher (income, number of employees, tourism movement, hotel works). Consequently, The study is attained the following consequences, which are: 1. The study results proved that there is a statistically significant impact of the Arab spring events on the tourism sector, which reflects the learn value of this subject and trying to stand up to adjust its effects. 2. The study outcomes confirmed that there is a vital numerical impact of the Arab Spring on the income of tourists. This mirrors the importance of following up the special statistics on tourism income and trying to develop a strategic plan aimed at finding more stable tourism sources of income. 3. The study products illustrated that there is an effective geometric impact of the Arab Spring episodes on the tourism movement. 4.The study effects explained that there is a statistically vital impact of the Arab Spring on tourist works. 5. The study upshots proved that there is no significant algebraic impact of the Arab Spring on the number of workers. This result is largely consistent with reports and statistics from the Jordanian Ministry of Tourism.

Recommendations
For the purpose of benefiting from what was previously concluded, the researcher presented a set of recommendations that concern both the study organizations and the researchers. These recommendations made by this study as follows: 1. The importance of expanding further studies related to the current status of tourism in Jordan because of its long-term indicators. 2. More material and moral energies that researching the effects of the Arab Spring and to benefit from international experiences from it for developing Jordan tourism. 3. The latest promotional, technical and marketing programs are used under the supervision of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. It is the flexible laws and regulations of these programs that attract investment because of security and stability in Jordan. 4. The development of training programs that added value to raising the level of service provided to tourists, because of its strong and effective influence in placing Jordan on the global tourism map. 5. The senior departments in the Jordanian tourist offices encouraging to have a clear strategic plan to meet the challenges of the Arab Spring. 6. To conduct a prospective study on other sectors related to the Arab Spring and its impact on social, economic and political indicators at all levels to attain more results that would raise the level of readiness for such conditions. 6.5. Future Implications 6.5.1. Model of the Impact of Arab Spring on Tourism in Jordan The model of the study is illustrated in Figure (1) contains two variables that related by cause and effect. Therefore, the independent variable is represented the Arab Spring events and the dependent variable which is tourism in Jordan. Also, the dependent variable Jordan tourism includes: tourism sector, tourism income, hotel occupancy, tourism traffic and number of employees. So if the Arab Spring changes, then the tourism in Jordan is affected. Then it is to study that there was an effect of the dependent variable ( Jordan tourism) and know the extent of the impact if any.

Proposing This New Model
In this study, we propose a new model at developing a conceptual of the Impact of Arab Spring on Tourism in Jordan worldwide for more future suggestions as shown in figure no (1): A-This model frame can be utilized globally. B-A unique type of a tangible scientific research study for the first time of its kind. C-The objective of this study is to encourage the development for applying the study on other sectors to support the possibility of generalizing the results of the study in more than one sector. D-The factors of the Arab Spring events will play a vital and decisive role in the daily lives of people and their urgent needs.