Environmental Management, from Theory to Practice

Environmental management is a set of management processes and procedures that allow an organization to analyze, control and reduce the environmental impacts of its activities, products and services, and act more efficiently and controlling. The management of the environment tends to be "humane", in the sense that environmental issues should be considered after defining development objectives. In its easiest way, environmental management needs to do three major tasks: to identify targets, determine whether these goals are feasible or not? And formulating and implementing strategies for doing things that are feasible. Generally, the basic principles of environmental management include "providence and supervision", which are followed by comprehensive and far-sighted inventories and policies, the establishment of criteria and rules for evaluation and monitoring, coordination and implementation, and operations. The development of urban environmental management plans in the process of moving from policy to implementation requires "public participation". Local environmental projects with the participation of people can be adapted to the elements of the environmental management system and provide an appropriate model for the preparation and implementation of local environmental programs with the participation of people and legal entities.


Introduction
According to the definition of UNESCO, the environment includes everything or almost everything; human beings, nature, and the relationship between the two. It affects all human activities and also affects them. In another conception with the above-mentioned conception of the concept of the environment in the same direction, the environment is defined as follows: everything that surrounds us, affects us and can affect us, forms the environment of ours. . It can also be understood that the environment consists of everything that surrounds the process of living, in itself collapsing and with which it is interacting. Management means the process of doing things efficiently and effectively by others. Environmental management is the decision-making process for regulating those human activities that affect the environment, so that the environment's sustainable capacity for human development is not impaired. An environmental management system is a set of management processes and procedures that allow an organization to analyze, control, and reduce the environmental impacts of its activities, products, and services, and more efficiently and effectively operate (Kubinova et al., 1998).

The most important environmental issues of the world:
The current environmental problems of the world can be summarized in the list of environmental hazards and threats (Makhdoom, 2005

Definition of environmental management and its application scope:
Environmental management is the decision-making process for regulating those human activities that affect the environment, in such a way that the enduring capacity of the environment is not impaired for human development (Barrow 1380). The management of the environment tends to be "humane", in the sense that environmental issues should be considered after defining development objectives. A common goal emphasized in the definitions of development is sustainability. Sustainability has a simple concept: living together among natural resources. The famous and useful quotation of sustainable development is presented in the Brentland Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Development that is capable of meeting today's needs without losing the ability to meet future generation needs is sustainable. This definition also represents the ideal purpose of environmental management (Chap man, 1384). More clearly, there is an optimal balance between natural resources consumption and this is the responsibility of environmental management that identifies this balance and uses its own skills -in planning and decision-making -to achieve it. Usually such a concept is adopted by environmental managers. In its simplest form, environmental management should do three major tasks: 1. Target detection 2. Determine whether these goals are feasible or not? 3. Developing and implementing strategies for doing things that are feasible.

Fundamental Principles of Environmental Management:
Generally, the basic principles of environmental management are "prospective and supervised", which are pursued through (Parhizkar, 1996): • Critical and far-reaching programming and coding (mainly devoted to different programmers). • Establishing criteria and rules for evaluation and monitoring. • Creating coordination (environmental manager should adopt an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach with an overall view) • Execution and Operation: Despite sustainable development as a goal, it is related to foresight and supervision and also to the welfare of the human species, but it cannot be achieved under certain conditions, protective objectives or human well-being in the long run (Kṛiṣhṇa, 1385). Since the mid-1980s, new branches have emerged in the evolutionary process of environmental management: • Environmental rules • Assessing the effects and risks • Comprehensive Quality Management (TOM) (leading to the emergence of comprehensive environmental quality management) • Environmental aspects • Environmental management systems Different approaches to environmental management: Environmental management has not evolved in isolation, and different planners have different views and attitudes toward environmental issues. Regional planners often adopt an ecosystem perspective and other planners with an ecosystem attitude. For example, McHarge's attention was drawn to the catchment areas of the river in 1969, or in 1977, Doukciadis tried to a scientific program can establish a balance with nature. Types of challenges, as well as the breadth of topics in sustainable development, confirm the fact that there are a variety of factors involved on the earth (for example, people, economic affairs, charity). That is, environmental managers may focus more on an ecosystem area in terms of economic activities or the exploitation of natural resources. Also, environmental managers may be more or less "human" or "canopy-driven", tech-sponsored or too green. For this reason, environmental management is followed by a variety of approaches (Barrow, 1380): 1. Case approach: This approach is developed in response to a particular situation. 2. Problem-Solving Approach: From a series of absolute measures, they adhere to the problem, problem, needs and solution. 3. Ecosystem Approach: Includes natural ecosystems (mountains, poses and heights, meadows, deserts, islands, lakes, etc.) and abnormal ecosystems (crops). 4. Regional Approach: This approach mainly includes ecological zones or bio-geophysical units that can sometimes have international aspects. That is to say, there are several areas that are common to several countries. For example, common areas between some countries or in general: • Distribution areas

Concept of Environmental Management System:
An environmental management system is a way to legitimize environmental protection measures through corporate or institutional structures. An Environmental Management System is a set of management processes and procedures that allow an organization to analyze, control and reduce the environmental impact of its activities, products and services, and operate more efficiently and effectively. Expected benefits from the EMS include promoting environmental measures in all areas (including areas that have not yet been interfered), increasing the environment for reducing environmental pollution, increasing organizations' commitment to environmental protection, and performance and enforcement controls. More on interventions in the environment. EMS is theoretically a tool for problem identification and problem solving, which is based on the concept of continual improvement. This tool can be implemented in a variety of ways depending on the type of activity and its needs for environmental management in each organization. In particular, EMS standards have been developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the European Commission (ECO) and

Requirements (elements) of the environmental management system (in the standard of ISO 14001): • Environmental policy:
The standard states that an organization must define its environmental policy and seek senior management commitment. ISO 14001 describes a number of requirements for such a policy. The most important of these are (Taheri, 2000): 1. Implement existing environmental laws 2. Preventing the pollution of the environment 3. EMS Continuous Improvement • Planning This element represents the next step of the EMS, which is the same as planning, and divides it into four activities: 1. Identify the environmental aspects of the activities, products and services of an organization that can control and influence the major environmental impacts (in the form of an EIA). 2. Identify and maintain existing laws and other requirements that apply in environmental aspects to the activities of an organization's products and services.

Setting goals and objectives 4. Establish EMS Environmental Management System • Implementation and operation
This element is dedicated to the processes of establishing an EMS Environment Management System and is divided into seven parts: 1. Structure and responsibilities: As stated in the organization's and management's definitions, it is necessary to determine in each organization implementing the system of environmental management, the type of tasks, the persons selected for them and how they are performed.

Knowledge and competence training:
Requirements 14001 ISI: Our organization will define training needs, because all people with an environmental impact need to receive appropriate training. For this purpose, the training procedures should be determined and carried out. EMS Essentials: EMS should be designed, implemented and maintained to ensure that everyone at all levels is aware of the following:  The importance of complying with the policy and objectives of the environment and in keeping with the requirements specified and applicable in the management system.  Potential environmental impacts caused by their activities and their work and the environmental benefits of the implementation  Their role and responsibility in meeting policy and environmental goals and in keeping with the requirements of the management system.  Potential outcomes of agreed execution procedures.

Mass communication: 4. Documentation of the Environmental Management System 5. Control of documents 6. Operation control 7. Preparedness and response in urgent situations
Urban Environmental Management System: Today, with the disclosure of the important role of each individual in society and the importance of urban structures in improving the quality of the local environment, on the one hand, and the need for different types of environmental programs at different global, regional, national and local levels (including the city and the countryside) The importance of the preparation and implementation of local environmental programs has also become more prominent (Khanlari, 2009). Accordingly, sustainable development goals must be pursued through micro or local planning. For this reason, "All cities, especially cities with severe problems in terms of sustainable development, should develop programs in accordance with national laws, regulations and regulations aimed at addressing these issues and develop them to The path to your path "(Agenda 1377).
In this way, one of the areas of sustainable development will be the planning for local development, in the sense that we need to plan for an environmentally desirable local level, and if planning is carried out at this local level, in this case we can make a difference in our environment (Stocks Bridge Local Agenda 21, 1998). With this in mind, local governments are called to develop sustainable sustainability plans to pursue global goals through local planning in cities. This requires the formulation of implementation tools and implementation of programs (United Nations, 1992). One of these tools is the development of environmental management systems for cities, regions and urban neighborhoods. On the other hand, the realization of such programs and their desirability will not be possible except in the form of effective participation of a set of inhabitants including "authorities" and "local community" in its elaboration and implementation. Because many urban environmental problems and solutions are rooted in local activities and the participation and cooperation of people and local authorities is a determining factor in its sustainability (Agenda 21, 1377). The development of urban environmental management plans in the process of moving from policy to implementation requires the participation of "public participation" because even one person's participation in the community can also have an impact (Maldonado 2000, Layzer 2002, Carmin, 2003. Research shows that community-based environmental projects can be tailored to the elements of the environmental management system and provide a good model for the preparation and implementation of local environmental programs with the participation of people and legal entities (Faryadi, 2005).

International conventions and internal environmental laws:
In this section, the list will be referred to some international conventions and international environmental laws (Beberan, 2003 1. Caring and monitoring: One of the most important principles in an Environmental Impact Assessment is to provide environmental monitoring and monitoring programs. The purpose of this program is to obtain information that measures the effects and consequences of the activities of a project or project, and the results of it are indicative of or not being accepted or unacceptable. The findings provide appropriate information and policies for controlling and implementing corrective actions and mitigating adverse effects. In the event of noncompliance, the necessary and necessary measures will be applied to laws, regulations, standards and standards, and ultimately to monitoring and monitoring programs (Monavari, 1380).

• Concept of Environmental Impact Assessment:
Environmental assessment is a systematic approach designed to generate, identify and compile information for assessing the effects of projects on the environment (Saleh and Pour Asghar, 2005). Environmental Impact Assessment is a formal process that has the potential consequences and outcomes examine a proposed project or project to anticipate with a view to mitigating the adverse impacts of the environment (Monavari, 1380) and other expressions on the development impact assessment of the effects of project activities on the environment. Development is a systematic process in which to predict and evaluate the potential impacts of a project on the environment, it deals with different options and it tries to choose the best option in terms of economic and ecological considerations. Environmental assessment is a method for identifying the potential impacts of development on the environment, a forecast for preventing environmental consequences by providing Better options (in terms of Ecological, social, aesthetic ...) is the result of those changes. An assessment of the effects of development can be defined as measuring changes in the event of turbulence. The process and the process of review and formal studies to evaluate past plans or predict the effects of the activities and functions of a project, plan, program, environmental policy, human health and social welfare, or, in other words, systematically identify or assess the impacts and effects of projects, Plans and plans are based on the physical, chemical, biological, cultural and socio-economic components of the environment (Makhdoum, 1369). The place to assess the effects of development in environmental studies is after planning for the use of land. Ideally, an assessment of the effects of development should be made before the project is implemented, but in some cases, in countries such as Iran, which has recently come to the legal review of the effects of developmental impact assessments, on completed and ongoing projects Exploitation is also used to reduce their destructive effects on the environment (Makhdoum, 1369).

Training:
Providing environmental education programs in assessment reports plays an important role in reducing and controlling the environmental degradation and pollution factors of the project and projects. The first step in this area is to determine the responsibility for environmental management at the site of the project or project. The collection of basic information, the formulation of management strategies, the follow-up of operational issues and their control and review, the organization of training courses and workshops for employees and practitioners, and the optimization of the environmental information system from the training programs that should be included in the report.

Public Participation:
The use of comments and views from local communities and stakeholders and influenced by the project of public organizations, NGOs and university specialists in the region is essential for an effective evaluation report. In other words, public participation is an important part of the environmental assessment, which is used in different stages of reporting the results. It is imperative to provide documentation for public opinion polls in the evaluation report to make them aware of their views. The use of public views and views through various scientific methods is achievable through the following: • Responsible Participation of Local Communities Place of Implementation of the Project or its Area in the Review of the Report • Informing and informing local communities and citizens about the implementation of the project or project • Timely reporting of operations and actions to the public and authorities through the media • Acquire opinions from local communities, government and non-governmental organizations, academic centers, etc. to improve activities and reduce potential adverse effects. • Formation of planning committees in the region with the participation of the people or their representatives

Conclusion
The environment takes everything, or almost everything, according to the definition of the UNESCO organization; both human beings, both nature and the relationship between the two. It affects all human activities and is also affected by them. "In terms of its functional characteristics, the environment is divided into three categories: natural environment, socio-economic environment, and human-made environment. The management environment in the environmental field is better understood by management theories. Four main theory theories of systems, cybernetics, disorder theory and contingency theory can be mentioned from the main and effective management theories in guiding environmental management. Environmental management is the decision-making process for regulating those human activities that have an impact on the environment, in such a way that the enduring capacity of the environment is not impaired for the development of human life. The objective of environmental management is to promote and promote the concept of sustainable development. But achieving sustainable development requires appropriate management tools. The environmental management system is one of these tools. An environmental management system is a way to legitimize measures to protect the environment through corporate or institutional structures. An environmental management system is a set of management processes and procedures that allow an organization to analyze, control and reduce the environmental impact of its activities, products, and services, and operate more efficiently and effectively. EMS is theoretically a tool for problem identification and problem solving, which is based on the concept of continuous improvement. This tool can be implemented in different ways depending on the type of activity and its needs for environmental management in each organization. An environmental management system consists of four main stages of the program, implementation, control, operation, or action that their relationship with each environmental management project takes place through a complete implementation cycle. The requirements for an environmental management system in an organization are defined by the ISO 14001 standard. The use of ISO 14001 is exactly the same process that must be implemented in any environmental management project. In other words, ISO 14001 is an appropriate tool for conducting environmental management projects. The environmental management system in accordance with these standards has five parts: 1) environmental policy, 2) planning, 3) implementation and operations, 4) control and corrective action, and 5) management review. These five parts are referred to in the term standard clauses or elements and each sub section with standard implicit requirements.
The fourth element is fundamental and the key to this standard is to set up and maintain an environmental management system for standard requirements. This element involves measuring and monitoring the impact of the organization's actions on the environment, taking action to prevent the continuation of the work and fixing it, registering test cases, and the results of inspections and reviews and audits of the environmental management system. That is, whether the environmental management activities are compatible with the environmental program and have the performances performed to control the effects? Given the global and sustainable goal of sustainable environmental management, local governments are called upon to develop sustainable sustainability plans to pursue global goals through local planning in cities. This requires the development of implementation tools and feasibility programs, one of these tools is the development of environmental management systems for cities, regions and urban neighborhoods. On the other hand, the formulation of urban environmental management plans in the process of moving from policy to implementation requires "public participation." Local community projects can be adapted to the elements of the environmental management system and provide a good model for the preparation and implementation of programs. Provides local environmental expertise with the participation of people and legal entities.